AFCRL-62- 1002 THE UN IV ER SIT Y OF MI CHI GAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Department of Engineering Mechanics Meteorological Laboratories Final Report AGGLOMERATION OF CLOUD PARTICLES AND PROJECT HI-CUE PARTICIPATION Ao Nelson Dingle ORA Project 03590 Contract No. AF 19(604)- 6143 Project No. 8620 Task No. 86206-&.under contract ~with.:.. GEOPHYSICS.RESEARGH DIRECTORATE AIR FORCE CAMBR1;DE RESEARCH LABORATOR IES OFFICE OF AEROSPACE RESEARCH UNITED STATES AIR FORCE BEDFORD, MASSACHUSETTS administered through: OFFICE OF RESEARCH ADMINISTRATION ANIN ARBOR June 1962

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vii ABSTRACT ix INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1. REFINEMENTS AND MODIFICATION OF THE CLOUD: EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES 5 11 The Flow System 5 1.2 Velocity Profile Measurement 4 153 The Airfoil, Carriage, and Acceleration System 5 1.4 Temperature and Humidity Measurements 7 1.5 Operation of the Chamber 8 CHAPTER 2, OBSERVATION OF THE CLOUD 11 2,1 The Problem 11 2,2 Oiled Slide Impaction Sampling 11 253 Telemicro-Photography 12 CHAPTER 5. ANALYSIS OF VORTEX EFFECT UPON DROPLET MOTIONS 21 351 Introduction 21 352 Theoretical Analysis 21 5.53 Analog Computations 25 3.4 Conclusions 25 CHAPTER 4. PROJECT HI-CUE 1959 PARTICIPATION 35 4,1 Introduction 55 4.2 Description of the AN/APQ-40 Radar (Modified) 35 4,3 Description of the 1959 Hi-Cue Radar Measurement Program 36 4.4 Use of'Chaff" as a Tracer of Air Motion 40 4,5 Description of the Results 41 4.6 Analysis of Tracer Trajectories in the Vicinity of a Developing Cumulus Cloud 52 4.7 Findings from Observations 53 4,8 Discussion 57 4.9 Summary 65 4o10 Recommendations for Future Observations 66 iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Concluded) Page CHAPTER 5. PROJECT HI-CUE 1961 OBSERVATIONS 69 5.1 Introduction 69 5.2 Observations Taken at the Kent Ranch Station 69 5.3 Radar Observations 69 5.4 Reduction and Presentation of Data 72 REFERENCES 125 iv

LIST OF TABLES Table Page lol Corrections to be Applied to Meter Readings of Individual Thermistors 8 1.2 Results of Measurements Taken with the Cloud Chamber in Operation 10 3.1 Characteristics of Water Droplets 26 4.1 Summary of APQ[40 Operations at Flagstaff, Arizona 39 4.2 Chaff Trajectory Data, July 28, 1959 54 4~3 Chaff Trajectory Averaged Over Approximately 10-Minute Periods 55 5ol Summary and Evaluation of Raindrop-size Spectrometer Data 70 5o2 Two-Theodolite Pilot Balloon Soundings 71 5.3 Summary of AN/APQ-40 Radar Observations 73 5o4 Computer Output of Data on and Parameters Derived from Raindrop-Size Spectra 76 5.5 Computer Output for the Two-Theodolite Pilot Balloon Soundings 116

LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1.1o Calibration of thermistor meter scale. 9 2.1, Diagram showing the illumination scheme for cloud-monitoring photography and the geometry of the droplet images produced by the system. 19 3.1. The relationships between position and velocity components for a counter clockwise vortex. 24 3.2. Analog computer diagram for solutions of Equations (10 a,b) and (11 ab). 3.3. Trajectories for droplets of 20 p radius initially at rest in a rectilinear vortex. 28 3.4. Plot of x and y components of velocity for 20 l radius droplets initially at rest in a rectilinear vortex. 3o5. Plot of x and y components of velocity tor 20 4 radius droplets initially at rest. 30 3.6, Plots for droplets initially at (-0.1, 0), of x and 7; and for droplets initially at (+0.5, 0), of x and y. 31 357. P:lot for droplets of 20 4 radius initially on the line "A-A" and moving in the -y direction at their terminal fall speed. 32 3~8. Plot similar to Fig. 3,7 for droplets of 30 p radius. 33 3.9. Plot similar to Fig. 3.7 for droplets of 50 p. radius. 34 4.1o Topographic map of the San Francisco mountain area, Flagstaff, Arizona. 37 4.2. Chaff trajectory, July 20, 1959. 43 4.3. Chaff trajectory, July 24, 1959. 44 4.4. Chaff trajectory, July 28, i959o 45 4o~ 5 Chaff trajectory, July 29, 1959. 46 vii

LIST OF FIGURES (Concluded) Figure Page 4.6o Chaff trajectory, July 30, 1959. 47 4.6a. Chaff trajectory, July 30, 1959. 48 4.7. Chaff trajectory, August 19, 1959. 49 4.7a. Chaff trajectory, August 19, 1959. 50 4.8 and 4o8a. Cumulus cloud associated with chaff trajectory study. 56 4.9~ Radar echoes from cloud and chaff parcels at 1111 MST, July 28, 1959. 58 4.10. Composite of radar echoes for period of chaff trajectory measurements, 1100 toll30, July 28, 1959. 59 4.11. Trajectories of chaff parcels averaged over 10-minute periods for altitude and time indicated. 60 4.12. Schematic cross section through squall line or large rainstorm. 61 4.13. Vector diagram showing estimated in-cloud and ambient velocities. 63 5.1. Two-theodolite baseline and location at Kent Ranch Station, Flagstaff, Arizona. 114 5.2. Geometry of the two-theodolite system of triangulation. 115 viii

ABSTRACT The several components necessary to conduct experimental observations of the coalescence of cloud droplets under the influence of an introduced vortex have been developed. These components include a laboratory cloud box (vertical low-speed tunnel), a vortex-generating mechanism consisting of an airfoil and a propulsion device, and a telemicro camera capable of 5x magnification of objects 8 in. from the camera objective. Analysis of the effects of a model vortex upon a population of drops has been done by means of electronic analog techniques, and these support the hypothesis tha a single vortex tends to cause drops to become concentrated in a concentric band. The likelihood of collisions is thus increased. Radar studies of chaff drops in Project Hi-Cue, 1959, show that in one isolated case, a circulation somewhat like that postulated by Newton and Newton14 did occur. Further experiments along these line are recommended. Data collected at Flagstaff under Project Hi-Cue, 1961, are currently under analysis. The data logs for the raindrop-size spectrometer, the twotheodolite pibals, and the APQ-40 radar are included. In addition the results of basic computations on the raindrop-size and the pibals are reported. ix

INTRODUCTION The experimental study of the role of turbulence in the generation of rainsized drops in clouds was continued under the present contract from the stage of development reported previously.1 Briefly summarized, the problem had been approached in terms of the needs (1) to generate reproducible clouds of water droplets in a space large enough so that known "turbulence" could be introduced and its effects upon the cloud evaluated, (2) to generate reproducible "turbulence" in the artificial clouds in a manner so as to avoid any extraneous disturbances of the population of cloud droplets, and (3) to develop the means to observe and evaluate both the initial clouds and the effects upon them of the "turbulence. " The earlier report covers the developmental phases for needs (1) and (2). Refinements have been made under the present contract (Chapter 1). The third requirement was attacked mainly under the present program (Chapter 2). An analysis of the process envisioned, that is to say, of the droplet motions resulting from the action of a vortex upon a population of cloud droplets, has been done using electronic analog computing methods (Chapter 3). The extensive developmental work required was seriously hampered by necessary limitations upon funds, and was further curtailed by the diversion of some funds to collaborative efforts under Project Hi-Cue. The first of these collaborative field studies was undertaken in Summer, 1959, and is reported briefly in Ref. 1. Analysis of the field data obtained under this program was continued under the present contract (Chapter 4). Finally, the collaboration under Project Hi-Cue was increased to include both radar and raindrop-size spectrometry in Summer, 1961 (Chapter 5). The results of this field program are being analyzed together with. data collected by other project participants. 1

CHAPTER 1 REFINEMENTS AND MODIFICATIONS OF THE CLOUD: EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES 1.1 THE FLOW SYSTEM To obtain a fine adjustment of the air pressure, and to provide a safety device for the system, an adjustable pressure regulator has been installed. This will prevent pressure build-up in the system in the event of stoppage in the water filter or the cooling coils. A Wilkerson model 5700-3 air filter was installed to filter oil from the compressed air stream. The water trap was reduced in size somewhat on the basis of experience. It should suffice for continuous operations up to about 8 hours in duration. The rate of flow of air into the mixing chamber, and thence into the cloud chamber is measured by means of a pitot-tube and draft-gauge arrangement. The relation of the draft-gauge reading to flow of air in the chamber depends upon the temperatures of the input air and of the chamber as well as the respective cross-sectional areas. Using the built-in values of the cross-sectional areas, the vertical velocity in the chamber is c =.0483 _ P where T is the temperature in the chamber, Ti is the input air temperature ('both in ~K), and P is the velocity pressure as indicated by the draft-gauge in inches of alcohol. Equating this expression to the Stokes' Law terminal velocity expression allows solution for the diameter of droplets that will be just supported by the upward air flow: d = _ 869 AT dm -.Pwg where ~ is the viscosity coefficient of the air, Pw is the density of liquid water, g is the gravitational acceleration. An order of magnitude approximation reduces this expression to 3

dmicrons 18 (P)1/4 1.2 VELOCITY PROFILE MEASUREMENT To evaluate the chamber design, suitable documentation of the vertical velocity profile throughout the chamber appears to be appropriate. Furthermore, as indicated above, a complete knowledge of the vertical velocities in the chamber would be useful in determining the drop-size spectra and their changes. Accordingly, attention has been given to the problem of vertical velocity measurement in the chamber. Because the velocities are very low, of the order of 1.2 to 1.5 cm per sec, special techniques of measurement are required. Most study has been applied to the falling sphere method. The method involves a comparison between free-fall velocities of a sphere in still air and those observed in the upward current of the cloud chamber. An ideal sphere for the purpose is one large enough to be photographed readily having a free-fall speed of 10-12 cm per sec. Changes of the order of 10 percent of this rate should then be readily detectible. A ping-pong ball has good photographic characteristics, but its terminal fall speed is about 870 cm per sec. Thus it accelerates through its entire trajectory when dropped from the upper part of the chamber, and its use in this way to make precise air flow measurements is not promising. Soap bubbles and bubbles of thin plastic may be blown in the chamber and released. The fall speeds of these, for radius about 5 cm, are in the vicinity of 5 cm per sec. Neither plastic nor soap bubbles are readily reproducible, however. Further, the fragility of the soap film, and the non-sphericity of the plastic bubbles complicates their use. The tendency for the bubbles to acquire a rotary motion at the time of release, and of the soap bubbles to retain a variable-sized drop of water also complicates the interpretation of their fall speeds. For a spherical bubble falling at terminal velocity with respect to the air stream, the equation of motion reduces to U2 = 2gV(Tb) [Pb(Tb) - Pa(Ta)] CD Pa(Ta) A(Tb) where U is the terminal velocity of fall of the bubble, V is the bubble volume, dependent upon the bubble temperature, Tb; CD is the drag coefficient and A is the cross-sectional area of the bubble; the density of the bubble (and contained air) and of the environmental air are given by pb and Pa, respectively. Experimentally, the problem of the thermal lag of the bubble appears to be quite important. In falling through the impressed temperature inversion in the cloud chamber, the bubble has been observed to come to a gradual stop and then slowly

resume its downward motion. Thi s effect is attributed to thermal lag. Microballoons, which are phenolic bubbles of sizes ranging from 10 to 100 microns diameter, are available from the Union Carbide Plastics Company. Their usual purpose has been to reduce evaporative losses from bulk reservoirs of volatile fluids by covering the surface of the fluid. Their Stokes density is below 0.3 gm/cm3, and their terminal fall speeds are of the right magnitude for the present purpose. Photographically, however, they are difficult to use because of their small size and pale purple color. In short, a photographic method that could record the fall of Microballoons, could record that of water droplets of comparable size more readily. In tests of the ping-pong ball as a means of measuring the air speed in the chamber, a possibility other than just dropping the ball into the chamber was brought out. The ball bounced in such a way that the apex of its flight could be photographed, and it became apparent that its upward and downward velocities at and near the apex of an upward-projected trajectory might indicate quite accurately the rate oGf -upward drift of the air stream. Because the drag force acts with gravity on the upward branch and opposes gravity on the downward branch of the flight, and because the Reynolds number for the ball is about 20v, where v is the velocity of the ball with respect to the air stream, the motion is mainly in the region of rapidly changing drag force between the Stokes' region (Re < 0.1) and the constant drag region (103 < Re < 2.5 x 105). Our interest is focussed upon the lower values of Re up to about 200, but the problem is not readily solved by direct mathematical analysis, primarily because of the nonlinear variation of the drag coefficient, CD. 1.3 THE AIREOIL, CARRIAGE, AND'C"CELERATiOl SYSTEM All components of the airfoil and carriage system were modified. The original airfoil had become broken in the ccurse of earlier experiments, and a new design was developed in the light or experience gained with! the apparatus. To minimize the special effects generated a ttle' tips of the airfoil, the new model was made longer. The chord dimension was also increased to produce a somewhat larger vortex T~he nrew airfoil i s MACA type 634=002l, and has a span of 10 in., a chord of 6 in., and ar a Spect ra;ic o-f 3=1/3. A new carriage and s-u.Epension sysitem was oeveloped to carry the increased load and to reduce the effects ofP transitent vib.ratitons in the system. The new system employs a single load-bearing track.u>pon which two wheels of the carriage run, and an overhead track upon which two rnore wheels run to maintain lateral stability. The carriage wheels are lDin.diamete:r nylon pulleys. The airfoil is cantilevered from this carriage into the central section of the chamber. Th.e new arrangement provides a distance of l-1/2 in. from the airfoil tip to the section of the cloud and vortex that is recorded by the telemicro-camera. This provision makes negligible sthe propagation of end effects into the test region.

For the accelerating system, a garage door spring was selected. The virtue of the long, ow springconstant unit is that the accelerating force can be maintained relatively constant over the entire acceleration distance. It was decided that the airfoil should be brought to maximum velocity in the distance of one chord-length (6 in.), and the suspension is so arranged that a wide range of acceleration forces may be applied. Pertinent data are as follows: weight of carriage 10.5 oz weight of release mechanism 5~0 oz weight of spring 1 lb 0 oz unextended length of spring 14 in. spring constant 1.33 lb in. spring tension at zero extension 10 lb A built-in compressive stress of 10 lb must be overcome to extend the spring a minimum finite distance. A tension force of 32.7 lb is developed by stretching the spring 17 in. This provides an average accelerating force of 28.7 lb over the 6 in. acceleration distance. The acceleration of the airfoil is given by L F = yM X ~ x a dx = Mta L L 1d M a= Mta where F is the force available to accelerate the airfoil and carriage FM i ti-te force exerted by the spring Ms is the mass of the spring Mt is the mass of the airfoil, carriage, and release mechani sm and a is the acceleration. Therefore FM a = M + 1 Ms 6

For an initial spring extension of 17 in., the average value of FM is 28.7 lb, and the average acceleration is 11.8 g. For the minimum spring extension of 6 in., required for acceleration through one chord length, the average value of FM is 14 lb and the average acceleration is 5.8 g. To obtain lower accelerations, the carriage is arranged so that mass can be added to it. An added mass of 11.6 lb is required to reduce the acceleration to 1 g. To determine accurately +he accelerations actually obtained, moving pietures of the airfoil were taken during a series of tests using a Fastex camera arranged to expose 355 frames in 1/120 seco The tests were made at an initial spring extension of 17 in. (see first computation, above), and the photographic record showed an actual acceleration of 11.4 g. The difference of 0.4 g from the calculated value is attributed to: 1. the six nylon pulleys in the system whose rotary inertia was neglected in the computation, 2. errors of measurement of the photographs, which showed some scatter, 3. friction in the system. No detectable decrease of speed during the coasting part of the motion was indicated by the movies, so it is concluded that item 3 is quite small if not entirely negligible. 1.4 TEMPERA*TURE AND EUMIDITY IEASUREFENTS In general the rate of flow of water substance into the bottom of the cloud chamber and the temperature profile of the chamber were so related that stable clouds were confined to the lower part of the chamber. By means of measurements of the wet bulb and dry bulb temperatu:res above the cloud and the temperature at various levels in the cloud, it is possible to calculate the liquid water content at these levels. Eleven thermistors were installed for this purpose along a vertical line 6 ino from the back of the chamber and 12 in. from the side walls. In addition, a wet-bulb and a drysb-ulb thermistor were installed at the top center of the chamber. An additional thermistor was placed outside the chamber at a level of 4 ft to monitor the room air temperature. Comparisons between room and chamber temperatures are especially important in evaluating the wall effects within the chamber. The thermistors were calibrated by means of a constant temperature bath which was first cooled to 0.1~C by use of ice, and then allowed to warm in room air. A total of sixteen readings were thus made for each thermistor over the range from Ool~( to 22o0~Co. From these data, averaged for all the thermistors, the calibration curve (Fig. 1.i) was prepared. In addition, it was possible from these data to derive nominal additive corrections for each thermistor (Table 1.1). Althotugh the correction values for some of the thermistors showed 7

a tendency to change more or less systematically over the range of temperature considered, the constant additive correction was adopted for the present purpose. Table 1.2 gives the results of measurements made with the chamber in operation. The dry- and wet-bulb measurements were made just below the exhaust fan at a position about 16 in. above thermistor no. 1. Values are given for the readings with and without the exhaust fan running, the thought being that improved ventilation should give a more reliable wet-bulb measurement. It is our conclusion, however, that the readings taken without the fan running better represent the condition of the chamber, for the following reasons: 1. the cloud top was observed to lie near the level of thermistor no. 3, and for this to be true, a small residual of liquid water above the saturation mixing ratio is required; 2. the thermistor is small enough in thermal mass in relation to surface area that a relatively low ventilation speed (i.e., that provided by the forced feed of cold, cloud-laden air from below) might suffice to give a correct wet-bulb reading; 3. the exhaust fan consistently induced turbulence throughout the chamber, and quite probably was capable of drawing room air into the upper part of the chamber. The liquid water profile of the cloud (right hand column, Table 1.2) is therefore computed assuming that the total (liquid plus vapor) mixing ratio was constant from the bottom to the top of the chamber in its non-turbulent regions. TABLE 1.1 C3RRECTIO.NS TO BE APPLIED TO METER READINGS OF INDIVIDUAL THERMISTORS Thermistors are numbered in order of descent from the top of the chamber. Thermistor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Correction 0 +1.0 0 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 0 +0.5 -0.5 0 -0.5 1.5 OPEPITION OF THE CHAMBER Visual observation of the central parts of the cloud was made possible by selective illumination of a narrow slice near the middle of the chamber. Macroscale photography in support of these visual observations was judged to be infeasible because of the low contrast available even with the best; lighting. 8

100 95 90 85 CD z 80 w cr Irl w \oQ H75 w 70 65 60 00 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 TEMPERATURE OC Fig. 1.1. Calibration of therristor meter scale.

TABLE 1 2 RESULTS OF MEASUREMENTS TAKEN WITH THE CLOUD CHAMBER IN OPERATION The readings in parentheses were taken without the fan running. Thermistor no. 6 was at a level just below the illumination optics, and no. 7 was behind the lower part of the airfoil. The dry and wet readings are discussed in the text. Thermistor Meter Reading Temp, C Water Vap., Liq. Water, No. Correction gr/kg gr/kg 1 91 91.0 17.5 12.2 2 88 89.0 16.5 11.4 3 86 86.0 15.5 10.6 0.2 4 85 84.5 14.2 9.7 1.1 5 83 82.5 13.1 9.1 1.7 6 78- 78.3 11.0 7-9 2.9 7 74 74 8.8 6.8 4.0 8 69 69.5 6.5 5.7 5.1 9 64 63.5 3.4 4.7 6.1 10 60 60.3 1.6 4.2 6.6 11 59 58.5 o.8 3.8 7.0 dry 96 (98) 20.1 (21.1) 5.8 (10.8) wet 83 (91) 13.4 (17.5) In the course of the observations it was determined (1) that it was not possible to produce a non-turbulent cloud when the exhaust fan (at the top of the chamber) was running; (2) that when the air flow into the chamber exceeded a certain speed the cloud became turbulent; (3) that at certain relatively slow rates of air flow, with the exhaust fan not running, a very stable cloud was formed in the central part of the chamber; (4) that turbulence in a thin layer along the walls was present under nearly all operating conditions, i.e., no condition of operation was found in which no wall turbulence was present; (5) that under the stable cloud conditions there was a tendency toward a slight drift of the cloud with a superposed random motion of individual droplets; (6) that a large vortex was generated upon release of the airfoil through the stable cloud, and that the central region of the vortex tended to become nearly devoid of drops. 10

CHAPTER 2 OBSERVATION OF TTHE CLOUD 2.1 THE PROBLEM It is desired to observe and measure cloud droplets within the laboratory cloud with sufficient accuracy to determine whether coalescences are produced by introduced disturbances in sucfficient number to establish statistical reliability; but it is necessary to do this without introducing extraneous effects of turbulence or of heating or cooling. 2.2 OILED SLIDE IMPACTION SAMPLING The bulk of cloud droplet data that have been reported in the literature have been collected by an impaction technique from airplanes flying through natural clouds. Most successful has been the technique of Diem2 in which the droplets impinge upon a slide coated with an oil film. The oil then serves to reduce the evaporation rate of those droplets which penetrate its surface film. Consideration of the slide dimensions in relation to aerodynamic effects is necessary to evaluate the collection efficiencies for droplets of various sizes. It is also very important that the elapsed time between collecting a sample and making a measurable record of it must be held to a minimum. The Houghton eloud-droplet camera was designed as the collecting-recording unit for such a sampling system.3 We were able to borrow this unit from the Department of Meteorology, Massachusetts Tnsitutue of Technology. Unfortunately, our laboratory situation was nct at all similar to the airplane-in=cloud situation for which this unit was designed. In the laboratory, the first problem is that of providing an adequate and known impaction speed. Study of the aerodynamics of l -mm-square and 1imm-diameter cylindrical rods gave the following collection efficiencies for 20 i-diameter water drocplets U, m/sec 1.0 2.0 4.0 Rod, o 84 90 95 Cylinder, % 63 79 88 Analysis of the penetration of an oil surface film by the droplets gave the following results: Droplet diameter, microns 4 6 8 15 20 30 Penetration speed (minimum) 3.87 3.18 2.74 2~00 1.73 1.41 m/seec 11

Penretratin o f t e ol 1fil m is esse, nt al to providce any —i protection against E vap - oration, In th!is range of drop size, the time for complete evaporation in 95/o saturated air at 2'O0C ranges from about 0 2 to 11 seco This tiimie is obviouslyincreased at lower temperatures, and decreased at lower humidities C The logis tics of obtaining a proper sample on the oiled slide and transferring this to the microcamera for photocgraphic recording are di~ficult. Th sampling slide must pass just, once through the cloud at a consta —nt speed of about 2 mr/seco Tt mrul-.st then be transferred farom the charmber to the photographic jig and photographed within a fraction cf a seconde We have considered carefully hoe to do this9 and concluded that any arrangement capable of meeting the logistic requirements would require appreciable additional development The -violence that t!his meth'nod would do the cloud was also considered a disadvantage. 2 3 TE L:MICRO PO _-RAPdI: I' An. alternative, and hopefuily s-uperior me thod for moi....o r, ig tihe cloud droplet spectrum during our experimernts is that of photographing tho cloud droplet population in si.tu without, imech-anical dlsturbances of any kind Thee mriet h.od envisioned to do this utilizes the principle of the telephoto technique inversely9 by interchanging the object and image distances, It tus bsercomes possible to photograph a small object (droplet) at a distance of 6 to 12 in. f~rola long focal-length lens with magnification. by use of a very long image distance~ For convenience this me this etod will be called "telemficrophotograp-hy." The particular application envis~ioned in the present case is quite different from previously reported uses4536,6 of the method3) although. tliat o Fl led - derman and Harnso2n4 has many of the desired feat.res The procblem is, to record cloud drorl;ets photcgraphica-'ly dow-\>n to abnout 20 L. diameter wi_th s ufficient resolution2 so) that s ize:distribution data ma.y be extracted conveniently from the photcgraph- o A working.distance of 6 is- or more (up to 12 ino ) is recuireL- to avoid n echanical iJltrference ith-r-., the cloud and to pelrmit examination of the cloud in a regio n beyondt-c the. penetitrattion of the wall effects of the cloud chambflero Optical magLifica ation of -the imnage is required. to achieve. a satisfactory ratio of image size to photographic grain size o The feasibility of this m eth'od was investigated by studies of available l1nses, of the means of illuminati-ing thie droplet field,, and of tr1. UmLmbe 7r of photographs required tc obtain an adr equate droplet=size distri ution 2 31 Choice of Objective Lens -PFrelimrnary experrimen~. ts u-)sing a nominal 6 ino focal length f/4j5 lens, adjusted. to 4giv.e a 4:1 to 61l o tical magni ication were suggested as an initial stepo It was decided to use- a coTvenientl y avaii81 able 4 x 5 ino cut film em.ulsion such as Kodak Super Panchro FPress TYP: B or 12

these experiments. Illsumination was adjusted experimentally to give maximum contrast. Such experiments were performed using Carl Zeiss Tessar Lens No. 2367659 (f/4.5, f = 13.5 cm). Optical magnification was about five, and the lens was used at full aperture. Despite the exercise of great care in this experiment, the best photographic images were of poor quality, and the minimum measurable droplet size was about 4C 4 diameter~ Investigation of the photographic images under the microscope indicated that the grain size was not the limiting factor affecting the droplet-size resolutiono A more detailed examination of the limits imposed by the diffraction produced by a finite circular aperture and by the aberrations of practical lenses used at appropriate conjugate ratios was therefore undertaken. The futndamental limitation on he resolving capabilities of a geometrically perfect optical syst.em is that of diffraction in the image due to the wave nature of lighrt and affected by the shape and size of the optical aperture. A point source of light is imaged as an Airy disk due to diffractions if the geometrical aberrations are negligibly small. Furcthermore, the images of two neighboring point sources conventionally are said to be resolved if the centers of the corresponding Airy disks are separated by at least the radius of the first dark ring. In the present case, it is desirable to image small cloud droplets while preserving their essential features of size and shape. This implies that the image of the smallest droplet should be approximately an order of magnitude larger than the Ai r y di ski According to tihe above crventional resolution criterion, two neighboring point objects are just resolved ifa8 SI R - o(.61'm, 2 n sin e where 31S2 is the linear separation of the two point objects X is the wavelength-l cff li4-ght n is the index cf refraction in the object space e is the half-angular extent of the entrance pupil as seen from the object position eT is the half-angular extent of the exit pupil from the position of the imageo For our purposes, let 13

X = 0.589 1p (sodium D line) n = 1.000 (object space filled with air) sin e = 0.08854 } ) cos G = 0.9998 Assuming a lens of 13.5 cm focal length and f/4.5 aperture operated at four times magnification in the image space. The corresponding value is S1S2 = 4.o6p. which is roughly five times smaller than the assumed average diameter of the droplets to be photographed. Thus, from a diffraction standpoint, 20 p. droplets ought to be imaged well enough to permit measurement although the image would not be of highest quality. If the same lens were stopped down to f/8.0 then SS2 = 7.184 and the image of a 20 p droplet would be expected to be rather poorly defined. Upon examination of Equation (1), it is found that only the wavelength, k, and the angular extent of the entrance pupil, 0, can be changed significantly, and that an increase of e or a decrease of X, or both, should lead to improved resolution. Restriction of the illumination to shorter wavelengths by the use of blue filters or photographic emulsions sensitive only to blue light will bring about some improvement but hardly as extreme as a factor of two. Likewise, sin e can be increased by using a lens of larger aperture, but these are scarce in a sixinch focal length size which is necessary to maintain a long working distance. (Microscope objective lenses often have sin g's of o.85 and greater but are unsuitable for present purposes because of short working distance and very limited field of view.) In any case, the above considerations indicate that diffraction could not be the factor limiting the resolution to drops of 40 p diameter or larger. It was necessary therefore to examine the lens used for residual aberrations. Such aberrations depend upon lens design, the conjugate ratio at which the lens is used, the lens aperture, manufacturing accuracy, and frequently, the care with which the lens has been handled. As a result, theoretical treatment of the prob14

lem is impractical. Hence, some simple experiments were carried out to determine how well various lenses coui.ld image details of the order of 20 p. when operated at 4:1 conjugate ratio. The most immediately available test object was a transmission grating having equal line and space widths of about 95 H. This was illuminated by transmission and the lenses arranged to yield a 4 times demagnified image of the grating which image was then examined through a high quality microscope. Thus, the ability of the lenses to render 24 p. wide lines was assessed visually with rather surprising results: 1. Carl Zeiss, Jena, Tessar Lens No. 2367656, f/4.5, f = 13.5 cm (mentioned above). A considerable loss of image contrast at f/4.5 was noted, and maximum contrast was achieved only after stopping down to f/8. Even at this aperture, the lines were not as sharp as desired, probably because of the beginning of diffraction effects (note above). 2. Graflex Optar Lens, f/4.7, f = 13.5 cmo Contrast at full aperture somewhat better than the Tessar above, baut behavior was generally similar. Full contrast obtained only by stopping down to about f/8. Position of best focus shifted 0.16 mm toward the lens as it was stopped down from f/4o7 to f/8, suggesting aberration effects. 3. Wollensak Enlarging Velostigmat Lens, f/4.9, f = 16.2 cm. Very poor at full aperture showing both complete loss of contrast and large focal _hift. Contrast improved by stopping down to f/1L, bu:3t Cstill not really good. 4. C. P. Goertz "Red Dot" Altar (Apochromat) Lens No. 787428, f/9, f = 6 in. Contrast and imagery very good at full aperture. Perhaps slightly more vailing glare at full aperture than when stopped down. Contrast essentially constant as aperture is reduced; however, diffraction limitation soon enters because the aperture is small to start with. 5. Schneider-Kreuznach Componcn Lens No. 4864149, f/4, f = 5.0 cm. Almost perfect contrast at full aperture and negligible change of focus and contrast as aperture is reduced. Impressive image quality. 15

These image quality observations served to indicate the source of the 40 p limitation of resolu'tion fournd earlier. This was very likely attributable to residual aberrations of the Tessar lenso There seemed little point in trying to double the resolving power by reducing the aperture of that lens. Both the Tessar and the Optar are based upon the general Tessar lens design, and are probably computed for use at near-infinity object distances. Thus, in the experiments cited above, they are operated at conjugate ratios greatly different from those designed for, and poor imagery is the result. A characteristic of the Tessar formula is that it is unsymmetrical and relatively intolerant of conjugate ratios different from those used in the design. The last three lenses, i.e., Velostigmat, Artar and Componon, are all derived from a four-lens symmetrical combination designated as a Gauss system of the first type. Such a system generally exhibits a wide tolerance for non-design conjugate ratios and furthermore, since these particular lenses are intended for enlarging or photo-engraving applications, they have been specifically designed for a conjugate ratio near 4:1. The extremely poor imagery of the Velostigmat must be blamed on poor design or workmanship. The use of a transmission grating as a test object is not completely fair, since conceivably a repeating pattern might be rendered somewhat better than isolated pairs of point objects. Nevertheless, the test gives a good qualitative impression of the ability of the lens t.o render fine detail of about 20 1 size. For example, the aerial image quality of the Componon lens was so perfeet that one would immediately conclude that even 10 A. wide lines or finer could be rendered clearly. These studies therefore led to the conclusion that diffraction effects should be sufficiently small to permit adequate photographic rendering of droplets in the 20 i diameter region. Practical attainment of this aim appears to require careful selection of a suitable photographic objectiveo High-quality enlarging lenses or other lenses designed for 4:1 to 6:1 conjugate ratio and having a usable apertu'Lre of the crde:r of f/4 5 appear to be best for this application. A survey of the market led to the following information: 1. The Super Farron F/0.87 Lens, f = 7.6 cm can be supplied corrected for )1:l conjugate ratio and for a specified thickness of plane glass window (wall of cloud chamber) to resolve at least 100 lines per mm, at about $1500. Question about working distance. Farrand Optical Co., Inc., New York 70, New York. 2. Wray HighResolu-tion Lenses, mainly f/5.b, of focal lengths 7, 8, and 10 in. ost, in England about $100. Wray Ltd., Bromley, England. 16

3. We have the best information about the Schneider-Kreuznach Componon Lens series, and at least two of the series were available for preliminary testing. Data on this series of lenses are as followsFocal length Aperture Approximate Price 8.0 cm f/4.0 $ 55.00 10.5 cm f/5.6 70.00 15.0 cm f/5.6 80.00 18.0 cm f/5p6 99.00 21.0 cm f/5.6 124.50 Because of the relatively nominal prices of the Componon lenses, and the excellent qualities shown in the experimental test of the f/4, f - 5.0 cm Componon (above), it was decided to borrow an 18.0 cm f/5.6 Componon, known to be available within the University, for testing. The 18.0 cm Componon lens was compared against the 5.0 cm Componon discussed above for ability to resolve details of the transmission grating used in the earlier experiments. In this case the 5.0 cm lens was stopped down to f/5.6, the maximum aperture available for the 18.0 cm lens. The resolution and contrast obtained was not discernibly different between these two lenses, and was far better than anything achieved with the other lenses tested. A few photographs were made using a microscope slide sprinkled with glass beads as an object. In this situation, having a stationary object and the best possible focus, 20 p diameter beads were readily resolved, and the limit of resolution was near 10 [i diameter. On the basis of these results it was decided to purchase a 21.0 cm or an 18.0 cm Componon lens depending upon their relative performance in our situation. The 21.0 cm lens was finally purchased. The telemicro-camera was then constructed in the form of a long box having this lens mounted at one end, and a 5 x 7 plate holder at the other, the distance from lens to plate being about 5 ft, and the magnification being five fold. 2.32 Number of Droplets per Photograph. -The focal field is to be observed through an intervening portion of the laboratory cloud. Two questions arise~ (1) how many droplets should ordinarily be found in the focal field of the camera, and (2) how many of these droplets will be occulted by intervening cloud droplets. Consider a monodisperse cloud composed of 20 p. diameter droplets in concentrations of 10-3, or a liquid water content of about 4 gm m-3. A 150 mm long path (from chamber wall to object plane) contains 150 of these droplets per mm2 of viewing area, and the total optical cross-section of these droplets is 0.047 mm2. This means that most of the time no more than 4.7 percent of the area of the focal plane will be occulted by droplets in the viewing path. 17

The depth of field under these circumstances is of the order of 0.05 mm. If the field of view is a 1 in. diameter disk of this thickness, the expected number of droplets in the field of focus is 25. Of these 5 percent are expected to be occulted, hence 23 or 24 useful images should be obtained on each photograph. Depending upon the variability of the droplet sizes in the cloud, an adequate size spectrum representation will require a number of photographs. On the basis of these estimates, it appears that effort should be directed toward using a larger diameter field on the one hand and that some means of obtaining a rapid succession of photographs of different fields may be desirable. The illumination technique may contribute to the solution of this problem. Obviously, the drop images from the 25 or so drops caught in a single photo field must occupy a very small fraction of the useful area of the photo-negative. It is therefore highly likely that the images formed by a second drop field, different from the first, which can be obtained by a movement of the camera of.002 in. along the optic axis, will fall on different portions of the film. This can be done if the illumination is controlled so that no general "fogging" of the film is produced by each exposure. 2.33 Illumination.-An illumination scheme capable of providing the multiple exposure required might be devised on the basis of 900 reflection if adequately intense sources can be obtained. Such a scheme is diagrammed in Fig. 2.1. Parallel beams of light, shaped by slits to rectangular cross-sections, and filtered through water cells to reduce thermal effects in the cloud, enter the chamber from opposite sides (Fig. 2.1). One slit is much longer than the other so as to give an asymmetric pattern. This asymmetry is useful in the analysis of the photographic images. The distance between the two opposing spots in each drop image provides a baseline for measurement of the image. The feasibility of this system was tested using the Sylvania C-100 concentrated arc lamp with which we have had experience. Two such lamps were arranged with optics at hand to approximate the situation diagrammed in Fig. 2.1. Several attempts were made to photograph the cloud droplets with this system, but success was not achieved. The illumination was apparently insufficient even to produce images on Polaroid ASA 3000 film. Further study of this problem is appropriate, because the illumination appears not to be that weak relative to beams which produced good glass bead images in earlier tests. Another possibility is that the cloud droplets may have been a good deal smaller than 20 4 in diameter. Further experimentation has been suspended; however, it should be emphasized that bright field photography can be used if finally it is determined that the dark field, 900 reflection arrangement is completely impracticable>4 18

WATER CELL PHOTO-FIELD SI S SI PARALLEL BEAM I CAMERAI PLAN VIEW PLAN PHOTO - FIELD VERTICAL CROSS-SECTION ELEVATION SOURCE-CAMERA GEOMETRY DROP IMAGE Fig. 2.1. Diagram showing the illumination scheme for cloud-monitoring photography and the geometry of the droplet images produced by the system.

The bright field method will not allow the superposition of several images, discussed above, and it is anticipated that the data so obtained will be more difficult to interpret, but it should serve our purpose more adequately than any mechanical sampling method currently available. 20

CTAPTER 3 ANALYSIS OF VORTEX EFFECT UPON DROPLET MOTIONS 3.1 INTRODUCTION It is well established that coalescence of cloud droplets is necessary for the production of rain.1 Whereas diffusion theory indicates that the size distribution of cloud droplets should become increasingly narrow with time, observations show the opposite tendency. Especially the course of development of cumulus clouds and the parallel course of development of their droplet-size distrib-utions indic-ate that the presence of air turbulence may be an important factor in producing the observed broadening of the cloud droplet spectrum. Other factors such as electric charge and phase change effects upon surface properties of droplets are probably also of great importance. The present research is directed toward the evaluation of turbulence as a means of bringing cloud droplets together and thus promoting coalescence~ The present experimental approach to the problem is based upon the assumption that the collision-producing effects of air turbulence, which depend upon the ability of turbulent forces to produce velocity differences between adjacent cloud particles can be modeled in termns of the effects of a cylindrical vortex. An analysis of this model was begun by means of analog computer technique. Consider an isolated steady state vortex having a velocity field of the form vt. - (2) 2cr r where r is called the strength of the vortex and is equal to the circulation around it r = f Vi cos(Vi,ds) ds, and r is the radius of the vortex. 3.2 THEORETICAL ANALYSIS C"onsider an isolated steady state vortex having a velocity field of the form 2i

U+t R for C < R < b (3) and Uf a 1 for b < R where Ut is the tangential velocity of the vortex at radius R, is the radius of maximum Ut at which the two vortex regimes meet. The strength of a vortex is generally taken as its circulation r =' ui ics(Ui,ds) ds, (5) and the second form of vortex motion is frequently expressed as Ut r (6) 2-tR Tf a vortex characterized by (3) and (4) is introduced into a space, large compared to the vortex, in which a uniform distribution of cloud droplets exists prior to the introduction of the vortex, then the droplet population will be redistributed. It is convenient to express the force field in cartesian coordinates: Fx = m X = D(Ux X) ~ iUx X (7) Fy = mY D(Uy Y. y L Y | g (8) CD P 7 D =,R 2 x b= Ut Cs - t CX X dX 2 +'y2 Uy = Ut sine = U(2 x X +Y 2 Here it is assumed that the only forces exerted upon the droplets are the aeroi dynamic drag forces attributable to differences of speed between the air and the droplets. 22

CD is the drag coefficient a is the cross-sectional area of the droplet p is the density of the air Ux,Uy are the X and Y components of air velocity X,Y are the X and Y components of velocity of the droplet, X,Y are the X and Y components of the acceleration of the droplet and FxFy are the X and Y components of force upon the droplet. The operation (Ux X) u~ Ux X I indicates that the sign of the difference must be considered in determining the direction in which the drag force acts, and is indicated by [Ux - x]2 (sgn) in the following material. For analog computation, it is helpful to reduce all variables to non-dimensional form. This may be done by introducing the arbitrary length scaling factor L, and the arbitrary time scaling factor T: X Y x =X Y..... T2 T2 x = X - y =Y L L (9) r Y r L' L2 d = D L, Ux = Ux = L a = A T, U T The relationship of the components of position and velocity for a counter clockwise vortex is shown by reference to Fig. 3 1.

+y Quadrant Ux Uy 1 - + 2 - - 3 + - 4 + + +x Fig. 3.1 The relationships between position and velocity components for a counter clockwise vortex. In respect to angles measured counter clockwise from the +x axis, Ux is proportional to the negative sine function, and y is proportional to the positive cosine function. As a result, for the inner vortex, R < b: Ux = A R ~ (- Y) - AY U =A R (+ ) = + AX; y R and for the outer vortex, R > b: F. Y F Y Ux 2itR R 2t R2 U (+ r X y 2-tR R 2=+ R2 Equations (7) and (8) may now be written in nondimensional form: x = - (Ux - x)2 (sgn) d (U Y)2 (sgn) T g y m yL 24

or x = (-ay - )2 (sgn) (lOa) m Y = d (ax - y)(sgn) - (la) Y (1 for the inner vortex, and x = (- - x)2 (sgn) (10b) Y = d ( - )2 (sgn) T2 g (lb) for the outer vortex regime. 3.3 ANALOG COMPUTATIONS Equations (lOa,b) and (lla,b) were solved by electronic analog computer. The analyzer diagram is shown in Fig. 3.2. Values for the scaling factors, T and L must be fixed to produce the appropriate analog solutions. A tangential vortex speed of 25 cm/sec was chosen for the transition radius, b,and a value of 0.1175 sec was chosen for T in consideration of computer-plotter characteristics. These choices lead to the neces - sary numerical values: Ut(b) = 25 cm/sec T = 0o1175 sec L = b = 2.94 cm = 4.602. L- g Results of the analog computations are presented in Figs. 3.3 - 3.9. The problem was worked through for drop sizes of 20 >, 30 i and 50 t radius. Characteristics of these droplets are given in Table 3.1. 3.45 CONCLUSIONS Figures 3.7, 3.8 and 3.9 serve to emphasize that a simple cylindrical vortex 25

TABLE 3.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER DROPLETS Radius, r; terminal fall speed, vt; terminal fall speed scaled for input to the computer, y(0); CD p /2m- D/m; and D/m scaled for input to the computer micronvts cm/sec () D p m microns cm/sec 2m m 50 27 1.079 1.18.402 30 10.8.432 5.27 lo I1 20 4.8.192 7.46 2. 54 serves to concentrate droplet populations as long as the terminal fall. speeds of the droplets are less than the maximum tangential. velocity of the vortex motion. The effect is greatest for the smallest droplets, and may therefore be particularly significant in the early stages of broadening of cloud droplet size spectra. The interaction of adjacent vortices should enhance the effect indicated. Whether vortices of the strength and scale postulated occur in the free atmosphere is not established. This can be determined conclusively only by a suitable measurement program. 26

I.C. Initial Condition Notes: Ampl. #1 G 01 Connect S-F-C S *< F G Grid SERVO, ~ 0= Output - - Coefficient Pot. Summing Amp. Special Amp. - Integrating - ~ to oo100 2 -lO(Ux- ) -(Y) 40 D +(Ur; if X + 2 +x I n Fn + -x +-J2 R 21 6 5 4 3 CC38 2 3A) — 23 25 26 50 20 +X I —X +ti ro~~~~~ — ro ~~~~~~-x **H~ ~~~-x -4-x/ + H H IC. A A N'-1-'-9D — _9E ~ lB1_8100 L TL y~, - r I.- 13 - I -T I L.o + 2 +10 -Y F.c 1.0 -Y + F 12 -Y 2 2 _-( rig. R -100 ~ ~ ~ ~ -0 + 100 34 -O(Uy- + lox 1 -Y y R2 +Y I~ Fn 2 -Y D -.12 + y~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ X Fig. 3.2. Analog computer diagram for solution of Equations (10 a,b) and (11 a,b).

y e -T 1 3 4 lsI Fig. 3.3. Trajectories for droplets of 20 i radius initially at rest in a rectilinear vortex. Drops at a, b, c, and d are initially at rest along the line x = 0, y > 0. Drops e and f are initially at rest along the line y = 0, x > 0. Radial distance L is equal to 2.94.

y #2 +0.1, y(O) =; no. is x(O) = +0.5, y(O) =. Origin of all three curves at 0,0 and sense is counter r Fig. #1 #3 Fig. 3.4. Plot of x and y components of velocity for 20 i radius droplets initially at rest in a 2 linear vortex. Initially position of the drop for curve no. 2 is x(O) = -0.1y y(O) = 0; no. 2 is +0O.l y(0) = 0; no. 3 is x(0) = +0.51 y(O) = 0. Origin of all three curves at 0.0, and sense is counter clockwise. The points numbered i through 10 on curve no. 3 are time markes and are derived from Fig. 3.5 by measuring x and ~ at constant time intervals (integral multiples of T) and replotting these values on Fig. 3.4.

10 8 6 y (+5) cn z w z 0 a. o 0 Q 0 0 >O O o 4 6 /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ i( t.') I0 8 x ~~~~~~+5) 10 Fig. 5.5. Plot of x and y components of velocity for 20 C radius droplets initially at rest. Number in parentheses gives initial x-coordinate of droplet, y-coordinate was 0 in each case.

50 40 30O 20 I0 - #3 10 X = —- TIME 2 0-.....................# 2 430 30 40 50 Fig. 3.6. Plots for droplets initially at (-0.1, 0), of x (line no. 1) and y (line no. 2); and for droplets initially at (+0.5, o), of x (line no. 3), and y (line no. 4).

-40 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 40 Y 40 30 50 40 30 20' 10 0 30 40 50 -10 kN Fig..7. Plot for droplets of 220 50 Fig. 3.7. Plot for droplets of 20 radius initially on the line "A-A" and moving in the -y direction at their terminal fall speed. The numbers -40 to +40 are values of Xo. The distortion of the initial drop field is shown. Note that drops whose X0 coordinate is +23 are displaced to the -x side of the vortex, and return to the +x side below the vortex. This plot shows most clearly the removal of drops from the vortex core.

y 20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 40 30 10 30 20.0 20 30 40 -10 30 40 Fig. 5.8. Plot similar to Fig. 5.7 for droplets of 30 p raaius. The clear area is still apparent by the X0 coordinate for the dividing line is near +19 rather than +23.

20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 40 30 20 10 0.0 40 30 20 10 1 0 20 30 40 -10 20 30 40 50 y Fig. 5.9. Plot similar to Fig. 5.7 for droplets of 5Q 4 radius. Note that the terminal fall speed of these droplets (27 cm/sec) exceeds the maximum postuated value of Ut(25 cm/sec).

CHAPTER 4 PROJECT HI-CUE 1959 PARTICIPATION* 4.1 INTRODUCTION Project Hi-Cue has been a continuing cooperative research effort, coordinated by the Cloud Physics Laboratory, GRD, and engaging in a series of comprehensive field observations of convective storms near the San Francisco Peaks, Flagstaff, Arizona, since 1958. In the spring of 1959, The University of Michigan was invited to participate in this program, using the van-mounted APQ-40 radar which had been acquired under Contract No. AF 19(604)-2176 in 1958. The results of this particular effort are the subject of the present chapter. 4.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE AN/APQ-40 RADAR (MODIFIED) The AN/APQ-40 radar was developed as an airborne weather reconnaissance radar by the Glen L. Martin Company under contract with the U. S. Air Force. A prototype model was constructed and delivered but it was never operationally employed as an airborne unit. The University of Michigan acquired the radar under Contract AF 19(6)4)-2176 during 1958. An extensive redesign and modification of the AN/APQ-40 was accomplished to provide a radar suitable for surface weather surveillance in field-type programs. Major components of the radar were mounted inan SCR-584 fire control radar van in which the antenna control system of the SCR 584 was retained. Completely self-contained operation in the field is attained by use of a gasoline engine-powered generator as a power qource. Characteristics of the AN/APQ-40 as modified are as follows: Transmitter Frequency 9.375 Kmcs + 50 Transmitted Power (Peak) 2.5 x 105 watts Receiver Sensitivity -104 Dbm (approx.) Pulse Duration 1 microsecond Pulse Repetition Frequency 300 sec1 Beam Dimension 1.5~ Conical Polarization Horizontal Linear or Circular Antenna Scan 360~ azimuth at 5 RPM -2 to 90~ elevation Indicators 7 and 12 inch PPI *By Floyd C. Elder 35

The radar receiver is provided with a gain control adjustable in 11 incremental steps of chosen magnitude. The gain steps are adjusted to selected value, usually in increments of 5 decibels, by use of a signal generator from which a test signal of known power is injected into the receiver. The total dynamic range of the receiver over the 11 calibrated steps is approximately 60 decibels. Absolute calibration of the entire radar system including the antenna and transmission lines was not available during the 1959 measurement program. 4.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE 1959 HI-CUE RADAR MEASUREMENT PROGRAM The APQ.40 radar was located at the Flagstaff Municipal Airport adjacent to the control center of Project Hi-Cue. Because only one radar was generally available to the project, it was operated in such a manner that its maximum usefulness to the program was attained. This required that the one radar be employed to make several types of measurement and precluded obtaining extended periods of continuous measurements of any single cloud property. Figure 4.1 is a topographic map of the area in which the observation program was conducted. The locations on the map significant to this report are as follows: (1) APQ-40 Radar location; (2) Fort Valley Experiment Station (FVS); (3) Meteorology Research, Inc., (MRI) radar site; and (4) Doyle Saddle. The operation of the radar may be categorized into five different phases, each designed to study a specific aspect of the cloud growth and behavior. Phase 1. Three-dimensional mapping of precipitation echoes. This phase of observation was designed to map the three-dimensional distribution of precipitation echoes and to maximize the resolution of temporal chamges in echo patterns. Throughout this phase of observation, the radar was operated on maximum sensitivity and photographs of the scope were taken for each 360~ of antenna scan. Antenna elevation was increased one degree following each scan, commencing with a minimum elevation determined by the ground echo pattern. If precipitation echoes were observed at greater than 20~ elevation, the increment of elevation change was increased to 5o or greater. The beam width of the radar is 1.5~ to the half-power points. The program of observation provided a total volume coverage throughout the volume of primary interest. The range of observation was determined by the location of significant precipitation echoes but was most frequently chosen as 20 miles to provide the maximum obtainable resolution in space.

0 5 ION.M. OO O B~~~~~~~0 O0! 5000 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~60001.~~~~~C 60 O'~ ~ 0;90 7000' ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 8000 ~ ~ 00 c~~~i P I soo00on!a~" 90000000 0 Fig. 41-K. Topographic map of the San Francisco mountain area, Flagstaff, Arizona.'~O I ~ ~ ~~'oO~~ ~ooo'o w~~~~~~~,O Fig.~ 4.1.0

Phase 2. Precipitation Echo Reflectivity Mapping. Phase 2 observations were designed to provide measurements of spatial distribution of cloud radar reflectivity. This was accomplished by taking successive scans at constant elevation while reducing the receiver sensitivity by a calibrated increment each scan. The minimum sensitivity at which echoes were detectable gives an objective measure of the cloud reflectivity. Calibration of the radar in absolute terms was not available during the 1959 program. Phase 3. Echo Area Distribution Mapping. Phase 3 operation gave the aerial distribution of precipitation echoes and movement of echoes in time. It was accomplished by taking successive photographs of the radar scope with the radar operating at maximum sensitivity and at a constant antenna elevation angle, usually near zero degrees. Such observations result in time-lapse pictures of the precipitation cells. Phase 4. Range-Height Observations. Phase 4 operation consisted of scanning in a vertical plane with the radar antenna at chosen azimuth. This results in a range-height presentation in which. the vertical distribution of precipitation echoes is given as a function of rangeo Cloud reflectivity as a function of height can also be determined through successive scans at different receiver sensitivity settings. Since this type of observation is not economical of time with the APQ-40 radar, only short periods of such observations were accomplished during the 1959 program. Phase 5. Cancellation Ratio Measurements. Phase 5 observation was an experimental application of a unique feature of the APQ-40 radar. It wag possible to select the polarization of the transmitted energy as either linear (horizontal) or circular. This change in polarization will theoretically discriminate between spherical and nonspherical scattering particles. Thus, some determination of the presence of significant amounts of ice in clouds should be possible through measurements of cloud reflectivity by circularly and linearly polarized energy. Several short periods of such observations were conducted. 4o31 Summary of Observations (1959). —During the period of Project Hi-Cue, July 14-August 20, 19599 a total of 155 hours of radar observation was obtained. However, the periods of observation were divided among the above listed phases of observation so that only a limited number of continuous periods of data are satisfactory for meaningful analysis. A log of the data collected during the 1959 period of observation is included as Table 4.1. In addition to the observations described above, a few special experiments were undertaken. One, was an attempt to study the characteristics of air flow within and near developing cumulus by tracking tracer material. An analysis of this experiment is presented below. The material employed as tracer was fiberglass "chaff" that formed a radar target but had a free fall velocity small compared to the air motions experienced near the developing cloud.

Table 4.1 SUMMARY OF APQ-4O OPERATIONS AT FLA(;'I'TAFt, AtRIZO.A July 14 through Aucrlust 20, 1090 Total hours operated —l -5.5 Phase of Phase of Phase of Date Time PRage Date Time Observation ange Pate Time Observation Range ate Time Observation Range 7/14 1048-1054 1 100 7/22 1210-1254 1 100 8/4 1323-13355 100 1100-1107 2 100 135-1341 3 o100 1533-1339 1 100 1108-1110 1 100 1342-1345 100 1340-1442 2 100 and 20 1111-1119 2 100 7/23 1048-1059 1 20 1443-1455 4 20 1122-1125 1 100 1102-1320 1 100 and 20 1454- 5 100 1126-1135 2 100 1325-1335 4 20 8/5 1013-1101 1 20 1431-1454 1 100 1552-1425 1105-1125 2 20 1442-1457 2 100 7/24 0904-1015 1 20 1128-1133 1 100 and 20 1514-1526 1 100 7/25 0936-0945 Photo Calibration 115533-1147 2 20 1528-1555 2 100 1108-1129 1 20 1150-1157 1 100 and 20 7/15 0808-0833 Ground Return 1131-1220 5 20 1158-1202 2 20 o834-09o33 1 20 1224-1226 1 20 1208-1255 3 100 09355-0938 2 20 1230-1242 2 20 1255-1259 1 100 and 20 0939-1041 1 20 7/27 1137-1217 1 100 1259-1310 2 20 1047-1107 2 20 1222-1239 2 100 1510-1325 4 20 1108-1113 1 20 1241-1300 4 20 1410-1618 2 100 and 20 1113-1126 2 20 1301-1304 1 100 and 20 8/6 0826-0932 3 100 1127-1131 1 20 1305-1450 5 20 0955-0940 1 100 and 20 1132- 3 20 7/28 0859-ooo 3 100 og40-og4 3 100 1300-1645 Photo Calibration 1016-1101 1 20 0949-0953 1 20 7/16 0750-0811 2 20 1101-1110 5 20 0955-1005 5 100 0810-0839 Photo Calibration 1112-1143 1 20 1005-1010 1 100 and 20 0840-1027 1 20 1144-1505 1 1oo and 20 1010-1026 100 1030-1124 2 20 1315-1541 2 100 and 20 1026-1031 1 100 and 20 1127-1134 1 20 1545-1550 4 20 1051-1051 5 100 1138-1145 2 20 7/29 0925-1000 Photo Calibration 1051-1130 2 100 and 20 7/17 0755-0826 2 20 1009-114'7 1 20 8/8 0939-0942 1 100 0907-1043 1 20 1344-1357 1 100 0942-0957 3 100 7/18 1126-1133 4 20 1357-1407 2 20 057-100 1 100 1150-1209 1 20 1411-1424 4 20 1011-1022 3 20 7/20 0930-0932 Ground Pattern 1425-145533 3 100 1022-1050 1 100 and 20 0947-1055 1 20 1434-1445 1 100 and 20100-1058 20 1058-1106 5 20 1448-1520 5 100 105-143 1 100 and 20 1115-1130 3 100 1521-1525 1 100 1243-1255 3 loo 1132-1135 1 100 1526- 5 100 1255-1302 1 100 and 20 1152-1214 2 100 7/30 0959-1048 1 20 1502- 3 100 1216-1218 1 100 11081228 100 8/10 1005-1052 1 100 and 20 1219-1234 3 100 1231-1237 1 100 and 20 1052-1109 2 100 and 20 1235-1238 1 100 1238-1254 2 100 and 20 1257-1628 2 100 and 20 1239-1337 3 100 1315-1326 3 100 8/11 0915-1016 3 100 1338-1342 1 100 1326-1331 1 100 016-1101 20 1344-1427 3 100 1352-1552 2 100 and 20 1108-1114 4 20 1428-1434 1 100 7/31 0840- Photo Calibration 1115- 3 100 1436-1450 3 100 1003-1014 3 100 8/12 1017-1248 1 20 1503-1517 2 100 and 20 1014-1017 1 20 1248-1401 3 100 7/21 1016-1130 1 20 1013-1520 2 100 and 20 1408-1422 1 100 1135- 2 20 1833-1848 2 10 1422-1544 3 100 1137-1139 1 20 8/3 0836-o847 1 100 1548-1655 1 100 and 20 1139-1140 2 20 0848-1116 2 100 15-1457 1 100 and 20 1141-1145 1 20 1117-1125 3 100 8/14 0844-1507 1 100 and 20 1145-1147 2 20 1126-1200 1 100 8/15 0848-1005 1 20 1147-1149 1 20 1200-1249 3 1005-1020 3 100 1149-1152 2 20 1020-1559 1 100 and 20 1152-1153 1 20 1307-1314 5 100 8/16 og54-og98 2 20 1153-1154 2 20 1314-1327 4 20 1001-1023 3 100 1154-1155 1 20 1328-1334 3 100 and 20 10251121 1 100 and 20 1159-1300 2 20 1335-1338 2 20 1121-1124 2 20 1330-1333 1 20 40-55 5 100 1340-1508 1 100 1335-1356 2 20 1355-1359 1 100 1515-1552 3 100 2000-2003 1 100 1400-1521 5 100 1lo4-150 100 2004-2017 2 100 1522-1527 4 20 1350-1350 2 100 and 20 2018-2020 1 100 1528-1545 5 100 and 20 1355-1534 1 100 and 20 2022-2029 2 100 8/4 1004-1055 1 20 8/17 1020-1050 1 100 2043-2045 1 100 1058-1106 2 100 and 20 1050-1110 2 100 2052- 3 100 1108-1116 5 100 1110-1115 1 100 7/22 1004-1029 1 100 and 20 1116-1129 1 100 1120-1129 2 100 1002-1143 1 20 1131-1229 5 100 1137-1142 1 100 1145-1147 5 100 12 1-124 1 100 11421-1151 2 00 and 20 1147-1155 1 15-10 5 100 1154-1450 5 100 1155-1157 3 100 1251-1254 1 100 8/19 0826-0940 1 100 and 20 1157-1207 1 20 1256-101 2 100 and 20 152-1552 1 1208-1210 100 1407-122 2 100 and 20 8/20 0955-1120 3 100 and 20 39

4.4 USE OF "CHAFF" AS A TRACER OF AIR MOTION The application of radar-reflecting "chaff" to the measurement of atmospheric motions was first reported by Warner and Bowen,9 who studied small scale motions in both the vertical and horizontal planes and obtained a measure of the fine structure of the wind. In 1954, Battan,10 using a technique similar to that of Warner and Bowen, measured the horizontal divergence pattern enclosing a cumulus cloud and also was able to estimate the vertical distribution of divergence by assuming a constant fall velocity for the chaff. Further application to mesoscale measurements was also demonstrated and horizontal wind profiles in a region of strong shear were measured with the chaff technique. In each case, the chaff winds were not only consistent with pilot balloon winds, but yielded a more detailed picture of the wind field. Use of chaff as a tracer of air movements at high altitudes was demonstrated by Anderson and Hoehne,11l when they showed close agreement between observations of chaff movements and winds measured by conventional rawinsonde techniques. Jenkins and Webb12 have since reported successful application of chaff as a wind sensor at altitudes above 140,000 fto 4.41 Description of Experiment.-During the Hi-Cue program it was desired to measure the characteristics of air movement within and outside the boundaries of the visible cloud. While the project aircraft, which penetrated the clouds during periods of active growth, achieved a measure of vertical acceleration within the clouds, it was believed that a more realistic measure of the magnitude of cumulus convection could be obtained through use of a tracer technique as described by Warner and Bowen. A new type of chaff was used that has a small mass-to-area ratio and a terminal fall velocity lower than that formerly employed. It consisted of cylindrical segments of fiberglass coated with aluminum and cut to a length such that high radar reflectivity is achieved at the wavelength desired. The terminal fall velocity in still air is estimated to be 2030 ft/min. The chaff was packaged in small bundles that were easily dispensed through the open window of a small aircraft. Each bundle dispersed sufficiently to be an easily detectable radar target within the average 20 mile range used in the experiment. During the actual operation, the aircraft (a Cessna 172 operated by personnel of Atmospheric Research Group) penetrated a chosen cumulus cloud on a horizontal straight-line path near the base of the cloud. During the traverse, aircraft observers strove to dispense a parcel of chaff just before entering the cloud, one as close as possible to its center, and one just after emerging from the cloud. In some cases, only two parcels were employed; one outside and one within the cloud. Spacing of the chaff parcels was necessarily greater than the minimum resolution of the radar at the range of the cloud which was studied. Clouds which were chosen for study were in the early stages of development but were believed destined to develop into mature thunderstorms. Due to the re40

strictions upon ai:rcraft penetraticn and because precipitation echoes would mask the chaff echioes, mature thunderstorms were never studied with this technique. 4.42 Method of Observation and Analysis.-The 3 centimeter APQ-40 radar, having a 1.5 degree conical beam, employed in the program of cloud study was also used to observe the chaff. Since i+i was desired to observe the movements of two or three chaff targets;, often located at widely different altitudes, the position of each parcel could not be continuously monitored. Once the chaff was dropped, the radar was operated on PPi scan. The antenna elevation was manually programmed to achieve a sequence of scans beginning about two degrees below the lowest chaff echo. n.e antenna elevation was increased by one degree steps until the uppermost echo had been detected. Such. a program permitted the cycle to be repeated about once each two minutee unless the echoes were very widely separated in elevation. A repeater scope enabled each. scan of the antenna to be photographed to provide a record for later analysis. No att-empt was made to measure echo power because t;o do sO wou.ld hav-e decreased the frequency of observational fixes on the indiividiual parcels by several times and would not have given significantly more informationo The data were analyzed by examining the film record and measuring the range, azimuth, and elevation angle of each detected chaff echo. When a significant degree of diffusion caalsed the chaff echio to appear at two or more elevation scans, trhe best estimate of the central location was recorded. However, afte:r a large degree cf grow-th. had occurrei, the vertical spread of the chaff perm i.tted obser vatll.on of trajectories at different elevations. This method of obseervation and analysis permitted a time history of each chaff par-el to be obtained witth a time resolbtion of about two minutes. The results obtained showed a varying degree of success and ga-e some interesting measuremerits of ai:r motion inr tjhe t-~icinity of -rapidly growing crulus clouds. However, the analysis dircloes.o.me sevlere limi+ta icns tc the otherwise peactical techniqueo 4.5 DESR!P1I" iE REJTS' The re.u lt-; ci: a serieDz cof riea3-Ljremen+:>- ba,.ed upon thIle uase of c(h.aff as a tracer of convection will first- be p-resenrted. These results will illustrate not only the degree of suciucess atttained'but alsco- th.,e problems encountered. Following the general tiscus-sion, a more Ierailed analysis of the more completely documented case ocf Jrily 28, 1959 will be presenl-edl Figures 4.2,hrough!'.o7a present, the trajectories of thie several chaff parcels dropped frc:.T tkhe a ircraf`t ani tracked by radar during the period of Project 4li'COe, 19599 Tr.e upper portiocn ce each, f-i.gureisaplan view of th.e trajectory projected ont',o thCe -hcrizcn, al plane of The observing station.cno The successive fixes are entered as individual pcol.-'- o Each point that represents an elapsed time of ten mYinuite or ultiples hru ct.ieS - errph.asizeri Te lower portion of each fligure i- a gr~aph, o;f th;!e elevatiozn cfi each ch-taff parcel reiatiLve to the ob4i

servation point versus elapsed time since the parcel was first detected. The estimated center point of each parcel is plotted -unless an indication of very tical extent is shown. The winds aloft, as measured by conventional rawinsonde techniques, are also included for the observation time nearest that of *the chaff experiment. Figure 4.2 - July 20, 1959. No precipitation echoes were detected at the beginning of the observation. Parcels No. 1 and Noo 2 were dropped into and outside of the visible cuma.lus cloud, respectively. A precipitation echo that subsequently developed just east of No. 1 parcel, presunably from a different cloud, obscured it after 25 minutes and tracking was discontinued~ No. 2 echo ascended rapidly and developed an apparent vertical elongation with time as shown by the dashed lines of Fig. 4.2. A fast southward movement ahead of the precipitation area which engulfed No. 1 was noted. Parcel Nc. 3 was dropped at a later stage of csmulu.s development at a higher elevation and was still distinct when observations were terminated. No concalusive measure of differential convection is evident from this zceries of observations. Figure 4.3 - July 24, 1959. No precipitation echoes were detected throughout the period of observation of the chaff movement. No. 2 parcel was; dropped within a visible cloud and at an elevation nearly equal to that of Nos. 1 and 3. The reasons for the discrepancy in elevation at the time of first detection are not known. The cloud associated with parcel No. 2 at time of drop did not de= velop a precipitation echo, a result which is consistent with, the apparent down= ward motion of the chaff parcel within the cloud. Figure 4.4 - July 28, 1959. Figure 4.4 presents the results of the most successfull observaticon of the program in that a rather complete reCord of chaff t~rajectorby was obt~ained during an active phase of clmulus development. Parcels No. 1 and 3 were dropped about 1000 ft; from the cloud boundaries, according to pilot estimate, while No~ 2 was dropped in an u.ipdraft of 1,300 ft/min within the cloud. Parcel No 2 was observed on three successive fixes as it rose rapidly within the clo-ud. It attained an altitude of 17,600 ft in about 5o5 minutes after which'it apparently moved away from the axis of vertical air motion and was lost in the developing precipitation echo. Averaged over the 5.5 minutes of observation, a vertical velocity of about; 1,500 ft/min is indicated. This observation together with visual photographs of the cloud boundaries ha:s provided i.nformaticon for a separate analysis presented by Anderson.13 Parcel No. 3 showed a gradual but moderate change in elevation. Some vertical spread of chaff occurred but the central points are plotted here. The horizontal trajecto:ry described an apparent gradual curve around the larger cumulus that develr oped nearby. After about 46 minutes, parcel No. 3 apparently also became ens trained in the precipitation echo. 42

Chaff Trajectory July 20, 1959 /)3~ * 0 *~ o0 ~13x x'2~~~~~~~~~~12 ~ 050 0st - K _ _i_ 1 2 I 2 _ K Ti.min.) ~ a: oF. 4 C Chf -- -___Juy2,15 35 I 5 10 20 25 30 35 40 45 Elaosed Time (min.) Fig. 4.2. Chaff trajectory, July 20, 1939. 43

Altitude - ft x 10I(above station) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~rm, 0 ~1 a (0 0 - 0 I1 3 0. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-. 00 I 3K3 ~r (D -I C-.J. 0 - c-l ~~~~3J O~~~~~~~~O o u _'o _ _ _ - _ F~ 7C H I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~ Radiosonde Winds c_ 0 IC -e~ C ~ ~. * m P~~~ IC 0 - (0

Chaff Trajectory July 28,1959 03 15 Kmi I0 Kmi 5Kmi; 5 10 15 IS 18 t- o-1 — — I — - 17 - x - 17 ~ x2._ O 16; ~lt._ 12 50 m.s.t. cn'P~~~~~~~~~ 12 w ~~~~f~ 0 fal -eerenc.*_..e.: o a 0 o';I~~~~~~ 0 A... 00 ~e -. 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'IV 9'0P~ o~: b i~ ~~~/ o 0OI - Oi 0 —0 3 81J; I I a I I I I I I, ~,~ 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 Elapsed Time (min.) Fig. 4.4. Chaff trajectory, July 28, 1959.

Chaff Trajectory July 29, 1959 O.. ICL 12q 15Kmi IOKmi 5Kmi 0 5 10 15 6-~~~~ 0-0~ ~~0 1250mst..12 30 m.s.t.'0 8 C Ac: 1A2 1230m.s.t. o O C 210 C/ 76 - -o o c ~ ~~~~~~ ~ 211- o- ---- =: ~ 0O ~~~~~o -~-O~~~~~ 0 o c 20 — K 6I,K -o,'" fal ~/ro'@fegf LA 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _ _ _ I_\[ 10 4~~~~~~~~~4 Q: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~'' II ~ x2o. 4 18-,, 0 5 I0 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 Elapsed Time (min.) Fig. 4.5. Chaff trajectory: July 29, 1959. 46

Chaff Trajectory July 30, 1959 X 2. 15Kmi lOKmi 5Kmi 0 5 10 15 chaff. fre Caf all co Jl 0 1145 m.s.t ~~~~0~~~~~~~~~~~~ 7 1 15 20 25 ) ~X~~~~~~~4

Chaff Trajectory July 30, 1959 ~~~~~~~~~20 /~ 15Kmi lOKmi 5Kmi 0 5 10 15 O 0 ~10 __1 ( O O 5 10 5 20 25 30 35 40 45 So Elapsed Time (min.) Fig. 4.6a. Chaff trajectory, July 30, 1959. 48

Chaff Trajectory August 19,1959 I. 20 20 10 15 i5Kmi IOKmi 5Kmi 0 chaff free fall reference..S.t. o - 300 m.s.t.. X 0 6) I& p 6) / 0214 4.-= Fig. k*7~ Chaf i =/ajectory, 49

z 0 0 4 4 3 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 RANGE (N.Mi.) Fig. 4.7a. Chaff trajectory, August 19, 1959. Plotted as altitude vs. range from Radar Station. 5o

Parcel No. 1 was apparently dropped in an area not as strongly influenced by the convection of the growing cumulus and its movements consequently conformed more nearly to the general wind field during the early period of observation. The chaff parcel experienced a large amount of vertical diffusion. After about 30 minutes, horizontal shear caused the upper and lower portions to follow separate trajectories. The elevation trajectory shown in Fig. 4.4 represents only the upper portion of the parcel. This portion of the chaff was tracked for a total of 130 minutes to a point 3.6 miles south of the radar station. However, because of difficulty in obtaining fixes at high elevation angles, the accuracy of the later section of the trajectory is doubtful and only the first 65 minutes is shown. Figure 4.5 - July 29, 1959. Figure 4.5 represents a case where two chaff drops were accomplished at two different elevations in the presence of a strong horizontal wind shear between the two levels. Parcel No. 1 shows a very rapid, although erratic, descent. A precipitation echo developed just west of the chaff echo and the chaff remained in close proximity to the precipitation through the period. The downward motion may have been due to the orographic effects to the lee of the San Francisco Peaks under a rather strong gradient wind. The - possibility also exists that the chaff failed to disperse properly, but this is not supported by its initial vertical motions, nor by the interruptions of its later rapid fall rate~ Parcels No. la and 2a were dropped at an elevation approximately 10,000 ft higher than No. 1 and show a movement in agreement with the observed wind at that level. A large precipitation echo existed below and to the east of the chaff parcels. Figure 4.6 and 4.6a - July 30, 1959. Figures 4.6 and 4.6a represent a case where two multiple chaff drops were accomplished, spaced closely in time and location. As will be noted, the chaff movements were in general agreement with the wind and the two successive paths coincided rather closely. in addition, no significant divergence was indicated in either case. A peculiar phase relationship between the vertical motions of the two parcels may be noted in each case. An explanation of such relationships would however, require more accurate and detailed observations. The relation to visible clouds is not known but no precipitation echoes were observed. Figure 4.7 and 4.7a - August 19, 1959. A very strong wind of 35 to 40 knots existed at the elevation of the chaff drop on August 19. The chaff parcels were dropped about 2,000 to 35,000 ft above the San Francisco Peaks and a few miles downwind. The trajectories described by the chaff were believed to be due to a lee wave existing downwind from the mountain. Figure 4.7a shows the three trajectories plotted on a range scale to illustrate the close correlation of the trough and crest of the three trajectories. Parcel No. 2 followed No. 1 by about two minutes in time while No. 3 was dropped about ten minutes following Noo 1. It appears that the wave has been displaced 51

toward the southwest by about one mile durIng this ten minute period. Cumulus clouds did not exist in the area at the time of this experiment due to dryness of the air mass. however, several standing wave type clouds were present to the lee of the peaks during the morning. No means are available to compare the chaff trajectory with the location of the clouds. This experiment i, a further indication of the ueeflullness of the chaff as a tracer of air movement. 4.6 ANALYSIS OF TRACER TBhAJECCTORIES 1IN THE VIC INITtY OF A DEVELOPING CUMULUS CLOUD The chaff experiment of July 28, 1959, present an excellent opportunity to observe the trajectories in the close proximity of a cumulus cloud during its stage of rapid growth. To -the extent that the chaff trajectory represents the air trajectory the behavior of the flow in the vicinity of the cloud is indicated. The results of the observations will be presented and compared, to the extent possible, with the convective cloud model proposed by Newton and Newton.14 4o61 Description of the Experiment. -The observations of July 28, 1959 are briefly described in 4.5 above and the trajectories are shown in Fig. 4.4. The chaff parcels were dispensed from the aircraft about 1000 ft from the boundaries of the visible cloud and within the cloud. The trajectory of the parcel within the cloud has been the topic of a paper (Anersonl3) and will not be discussed here. The trajectories of parcels labeled 1 and 3 in Fig. 4.4 have been examined in the greatest detail pcsible commensurLate with the resolution of the radar observations. The APQ-40 radar employed in tracking the chaff parcels was limited to PPI search operation. The antenna was pr>ogrammed manually so that each successive PPI scan was at one degree g-xeate:r ele-vation. The range of scan covered the elevations in which chaff or precipitation targets were detected. In most cases the sequence of sran bould be completed in abc-out two minutes. Thus, the time resolution of the observations is limited to about,this value. The beam width of thue antenna two the half ipcwer points is about 1.5 degrees. Thus, the type of operation described gives some overlap of coverage on two successive scans. In (ase os a target of large l radar crcsssection, this factor could lead to detecticon ofn he same point,:target at two different indicated elevations. However, it is believed that subjective elimination of weak echoes in the analysis effectively res lts in an acc-,uracy of about one degree in the location of the chaff parcels in elevation. Res-olut-ion in azimuth is less accurate and is limited by the ability of the analysis to read the azimuth from the PPI scope pictures. 4)62 Reduction and Evaluation of Observations. Each frame of the photographic record was thoro-ughly examzined tao obtain the best possible estimate of the mean location of the chaff parcels. The data were then reduced to range and 52

azimuth relative to the radar site for each 1000 ft increment of elevation. These data are tabulated as Table 4.2 for both No. 1 and No. 3 chaff parcels. Because the rate and amount of vertical diffusion differed for the two parcels, their elevations for the same observation do not coincide. The individual fixes for each of the parcels at each elevation were then taken as the end points of the trajectory vectors for the chaff during each elapsed time interval. A mean velocity was then computed for each case. This method of analysis assumes that the vertical movement of the chaff during the elapsed time interval was negligible. That is, the chaff observed at one elevation at the beginning of a period is assumed to be the same chaff as observed at that elevation at the end of the period. This is not rigorously true but the error involved in the assumption is small compared to the accuracy of the observations. The analysis resulted in trajectory velocities averaged over about two minute increments and indicated a very erratic nature with many short period fluctuations. It was believed that these fluctuations were not realistic and were, in fact, due to the inaccuracies in the fixes of the chaff parcels. At each elevation, the chaff represents an extended target sometimes exhibiting a ragged boundary. It was, therefore, difficult to assign an exact azimuth or range to each fix. Since the two minute period between observations represented only a small movement in most cases, a small error in location at either observation would result in a large error in the velocity measurement. Because of the inaccuracy believed to be present in the short period averages, it was decided to obtain averages over more extended periods so that short period errors would be minimized. Mean velocity vectors were, therefore, computed over periods of 10 to 12 minutes, the length of time being arbitrarily selected to fit the observations. This mean velocity was then assigned to a position and time at about the midpoint in the period. This long period averaging does not impose a greater restriction on the assumption of vertical movement noted above because it is the result of a summation of the shorter periods. Since only the groes features of the velocity field will be discussed, it is believed that the longer period average is acceptable~ The results of the long period average of the observations are given in Table 4.3~ 4.7 FINDINGS FROM OBSERVATIONS Figures 4.8 and 4.8a are pictures of the cumulus cloud associated with the chaff tracer measurements of July 28, 1959o Figure 4.8 shows the cloud at 1055 MST about 10 minutes following the time of chaff drop. This time nearly coincides with the first period of average trajectory computations. Figure 4.8a shows the visible cloud at 1126 MST which is near the time of midpoint of the last trajectory computed. The two pictures, obtained from the photographic record of AFCRL, show the magnitude and vigor of the growth of the cumulus cloud 53

TABLE 4.2 CHAFF TRAJECTORY DATA, JULY 28, 1959 Elevation (ft MSL) 18000 17000 16000 15000 14000 13000 Time Azm Range Time Azm Range Time Azm Range Time Azm Range Time Azm Range Time Azm Range Chaff Parcel No. 1 1045:16 18.0 11.2 1045:03 18.0 11.2 1044:50 18.0 11.2 1044:37 16.5 11.0 1046:53 14.5 10.9 1046:20 14.5 10.9 1046:07 14.5 10.9 1045:55 15.0 10.9 1047:51 15.0 10.6 1047:38 1.5.0 10.6 1047:20 15.5 10.6 1047:12 15.0 10.6 1049:07 15.5 10.3 1048:55 15.5 10.3 1048:43 15.5 10.4 1048:30 15.5 10.5 1050:51 14.5 9.9 1050:38 14.7 10.0 1050:25 15.0 10.1 1050:12 15.0 10.3 1053:13 15.0 9-7 1053:13 15.5 9.8 1053:00 16.0 9.9 1052:47 15.5 9.9 1056:23 15.7 9-3 1056:10 15.7 9.5 1055:57 15.5 9.6 1055:46 15.2 9.6 1055:33 15.0 9.6 1059:36 14.0 8.7 1059:23 14.2 9.0 1059:10 15.7 9.3 1058:55 15.2 9-3 1058:43 15.0 9.5 1101:53 14.0 8.3 1101:43 14.2 8.6 1101:30 16.5 9.0 1101:17 15.7 9.2 1101:04 15.7 9.2 1100:51 16.0 9.2 1104:29 14.0 8.2 1104:16 14.0 8.4 1104:13 16.0 8.6 1104:00 15.4 8.8 1103:42 15.7 8.9 1103:34 16.0 8.9 1106:53 14.0 8.0 1106:40 15.0 8.2 1106:24 18.0 8.5 1106:14 17.5 8.7 1106.02 17.0 8.8 1105:50 14.0 8.8 1109:23 14.0 7.7 1109:10 14.5 7.9 1108:53 15.5 8.1 1108:34 15.5 8.5 1108:20 15.0 8.7 1108:07 13.0 8.7 1111:29 14.5 7.5 1111:16 15.5 7.8 1111:04 18.5 8.0 1110:53 17.0 8.4 1110:40 14.5 8.5 1110:26 13.0 8.5 1113:36 15.0 7.3 1113:23 16.0 7.7 1113:10 16.5 7.9 1112:58 16.0 8.1 1112:45 14.5 8.5 1112:32 13.0 8.4 1115:56 15.0 7.1 1115:43 16.0 7.4 1115:30 16.5 7.7 1115:10 17.0 7-9 1114:53 16.0 8.1 1114:39 15.5 8.2 1118:00 14.0 6.9 1117:47 15.0 7.1 1117:47 16.0 7.3 1117:14 16.0 7.8 1116:57 15.0 7.9 1116:44 18.5 8.0 1120:03 15.0 6.5 1119:53 16.0 6.8 1119:39 16.0 7.2 1119:26 17.0 7.7 1119:07 15.0 7.7 1118.47 16.5 7.9 1122:10 16.0 6.3 1121:57 17.0 6.7 1121:44 15.0 7.1 1121:32 15.0 7.6 1121:13 15.5 7.6 1120:55 16.0 7.8 1124:13 17.0 6.1 1124:00 16.5 6.5 1123:49 15.0 7.0 1123:37 14.0 7.5 1123:25 12.0 7.5 1122:52 16.5 7.7 1126:45 18.0 5.9 1126:32 17.5 6.3 1126:13 15.5 6.6 1125:54 14.0 7.4 1125:36 12.5 7.4 1125:16 13.0 7.6 1129:O5 17.0 5.6 1128:52 16.5 6.0 1128:38 15.0 6.5 1128:19 14.0 7.1 1127:58 11.5 7.3 1127:47 10.0 7-5 1150:52 14.0 6.4 1130.37 14.0 7.0 1130:18 11.0 7.2 1130:00 8.0 7.4 1133:14 14.0 5.8 1132:57 14.0 6.9 1132:37 10.5 7.1 1152:11 7.0 7.3 1137:01 16.0 4.9 1136:24 11.0 6.8 1136:11 10.0 7.0 1156:00 6.0 7.2 1138:15 10.5 6.6 1138:03 8.0 6.9 1137:51 4.0 7.1 1140:07 7.0 6.4 1139:43 4.0 6.8 1142:43 10.0 6.1 1142:16 7-5 6.7 1047:33 3.0 12.4 1047:20 3.0 12.4 1047:12 3.0 12.4 1047:00 3.0 12.4 1046:47 3.0 12.4 ~048:43 3.0 12.3 1048:37 3.0 12.3 1048:30 3.0 12.3 1048:18 3.0 12.3 1048:05 3.0 12.3 1050:38 2.0 12.2 105L:25 2.3 12.2 1050:12 2.5 12.2 1050:00 2.8 12.2 1049:47 2.8 12.2 ~052:59 1.0 12.0 1052:46 1.5 12.0 1052:39 2.0 12.1 1052:26 3,0 12.1 1052:13 3.0 12.1 1055:59 0.5 11.8 1055:56 0.5 11.9 1055:32 0.2 11.9 1055:20 0.2 11.9 1055:07 0.2 11.9 1059:09 359.0 11.5 1058:57 359.0 11.5 1058:44 559.5 11.5 1058:31 359.0 11.5 1058:18 359.0 11.5 1101:30 358.0 11.3 1101:17 558.0 11.4 1101:11 358.2 11.4 1101:04 359.0 11.4 1100:50 359.0 11.4 1106:26 357.0 10.8 1106:14 357.0 10.8 1106:02 357.0 10.8 1105:50 356.8 10.8 1105:37 357.0 10.8 1108:48 556.5 10.5 1108:54 556.5 10.6 1108:20 356.6 10.6 1108:07 556.5 10.6 1107:58 356.5 10.6 1111:06 556.0 9.9 1110:53 355.5 10.2 1110:40 355-5 10.3 1110:28 555.5 10.3 1110:15 355.5 10.3!113:23 355.5 9-7 1113:10 555.5 9.9 1112:58 555.5 9.9 1112:45 355.5 9.9 1112:32 555.5 9.9 1115:29 355.0 9.5 1115:16 355.0 9.6 1115:04 355.5 9.7 1114:53 355.5 9.7 1114:40 355.0 9-7 1117:33 355.0 9.3 1117:31 555.5 9.5 1117:07 555.5 9.5 1116:57 355.0 9.5 1116:43 355.0 9.5 1119:39 556.0 9.2 1119:26 356.0 9.3 1119:13 356.0 9.2 1119:00 356.0 9.3 1118:47 356.0 9.3 1121:45 355.0 8.9 1121:52 555.0 9.1 1121:19 555.0 9.1 1121:06 355.0 9.2 1120:53 355.0 9.2 1123:50 555.5 8.7 1123:37 355.5 8.9 1123:25 555.5 8.9 1123:12 557.0 9.2 1122:59 557.0 9.0 1126:07 354.0 8.4 1125:54 355.5 8.7 1125:42 356.5 8.8 1125:29 357.0 9.0 1125:16 357.0 8.9 1128:25 353.0 8.1 1128:13 355.5 8.5 1128:00 357.0 8.7 1127:47 357.5 8.9 1127:35 355.0 8.8 1130:44 352.0 7.9 1130:31 356.0 8.2 1130:18 357.0 8.5 1130:07 357.5 8.8 1129:53 357.0 8.8 1133:16 352.0 7.4 1133:03 352.0 7.9 1132:50 356.0 8.4 1132:37 357.5 8.7 1132:24 357.0 8.8 54

TABLE 4.3 CHAFF TRAJECTORY AVERAGED OVER APPROXIMATELY 10-MINUTE PERIODS 18,000 ft 16,000 ft 15,000 ft 13,000 ft Time Range dd/ff Time Rane dd/ff Time Range dd/ff Time Range dd/ff Chaff Parcel No. 1 A 1050 10.3 11/10.8 1050 10.4 02/ 8.7 1050 10.5 09/8.7 B 1101 9.3 19/ 9.7 1101 9.3 12/ 8.3 1101 9.4 14/7.2 1103 9.0 52/6.0 C 1114 7.5 14/ 7.7 1113 7.9 19/ 7.8 1111 8.3 13/6.2 1112 8.4 337/6.9 D 1124 6.4 01/ 8.9 1124 7.0 24/ 5.3 1124 7.4 36/5.1 1123 7-7 79/8.0 E 1134 5.9 12/15.6 1135 6.7 59/6.9 1132 7.3 68/7.6 Period 18,000 ft 16,000 ft 14,000 ft Time Range dd/ff Time Range dd/ff Time Range dd/ff Chaff Parcel No. 3 A 1051 12.2 41/5.4 1051 12.2 50/5.4 1051 12.2 50/6.1 B 1102 11.3 29/7.3 1102 11.3 28/6.8 1101 11.3 28/6.8 C 1114 9.9 04/7.4 1114 9.9 360/7.7 1113 9.9 04/7.2 D 1126 8.4 05/7.9 1126 8.9 353/3.5 1126 9.1 342/2.4

I IIIIIIIIII::i i ii i,............ Figs. 4.8 and 4.$a. C Iulus, cssociachtou 5-6 - r ill~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,. i::i~:~~- -:::i.-r.:.:.~ Fis.8an.8. umls lod socatd it haf raetoy tuy 56

during the period of observation. It will be observed that the cloud consisted of more than a single cell. The first radar echo from the cloud was detected at 1102 MST at an altitude of 20,000 to 23,000 ft MSL. This echo grew rapidly and, by 1111 MST, it extended t~hroughout the vertical extent of the cloud from 12,500 to over 25,000 ft. Figure 4.9 is a radar scope picture of the cloud taken at about 1111 MST showing the cloud at an elevation of about 16,000 ft MSL. The two chaff parcels, clearly defined at this level, are also shown. Figure 4.10 is a composite of the radar echoes from the cloud at four elevations for approximately the half hour of chaff trajectory observation. The character of the echo growth and movement will be referred to in a later section. The trajectories of the two chaff parcels, reduced as described above, are plotted in Fig. 4.11 on a cartesian coordinate system with the radar as origin. The mean trajectory vectors are plotted to scale with the origin being located near the mean location for the period of averaging. The time indicated for each set of vectors is the approximate midpoint in the period of the average. An approximation is again involved in that vectors at all levels are shown to have a common origin. This was not the case in the later periods of observation since the vertical velocity shear had resulted in a displacement of the chaff in the upper levels relative to that at a lower elevation. The approximation implies some degree of spatial uniformity in the horizontal wind field and is made for convenience in plotting the data. The maximum area covered by the cloud radar echo during the period is shown as a shaded area for reference. Surface wind measurements made at three locations in the vicinity of the developing cloud by personnel of the Atmospheric Research Group are shown for Fort Valley Experiment Station (FVS), MRI Radar Site, and Doyle Saddle. The range of wind directions observed during the period of chaff observations is indicated in Fig. 4.11 by an arc encompassing the extremes. Upper level wind measurements obtained from a rawinsonde observation at the radar site at 1250 MST are also shown to an elevation of 23,000 ft MSL. 4.8 DISCUSSION The observation of the motion of chaff parcels in the close proximity of a developing cumulus cloud offers some measure of the disturbance of the mean flow caused by a convective cell. If a model of the convective cloud such as that proposed by Newton and Newtonl4 is assumed, the chaff trajectories and radar observations may be employed to assess the suitability of the model. The model proposed by Newton is shown in Fig. 4.12. This figure has been copied directly from the paper as published. A convective squall line existing in a mean flow having a horizontal velocity shear is illustrated. The vertical transport of horizontal momentum by the in-cloud vertical velocities results in in-cloud horizontal velocity differing from the free stream velocity at both 57

Fig. 4.9. Radar echoes from cloud and chaff parcels at 1111 MST, July 28, 1959.

3500 O0100 35 Q 100 17,000 FT. 3,000 FT.3 C)measurements, 1100 to 110, July 28, 1959. /15', 15, TIME 23,000 FT. SYMBOL 23,000 FT.20~00 FT. 17O000 FT. 13,000FT 20,500 FT. 1102 1102 1102 1111 1106 1106 1106 1119 (ED 1123 1123 1123 1128 300' 3500 15 10 17,000 FT. 13,000 FT. Fig. 4.10. Composite of radar echoes for period of chaff trajectory measurements, 1100 to 1130, July 28, 1959. 59

CHAFF#3 CHAFF# I - 18,000 FT. - 18,000 FT. -—. 16,000 FT. -— " 16,000 FT. -- 14,000 FT.'-' 15,000 FT. -.-. 13,000 FT. 80 KNOTS 2 6 10 & MRI CHAFF 3 RADAR 1051 -7 RADAR0/: D.YLE SADDLE 23 70 S~~~1102 AREA OF CLOUD 60 1014 1050 21 _,7, A T II RADR M 40 - -[3 3 17 _0... 1 I 2 3-1~~0~1F J 5 AP4' 2020 -10~~~~~ ~ 10 10 /7-, I0 APO- 40 -30 -20 -0 01 ~~~~~~~~~~6

> C C <' dop Conv Div (+) (-) _11It mJJ II I mm Dqiv C~~v onv - Ve (SomI - I I I 1 111111.... /-'?I"'/ f /-""/' /// / /~/ / //Dissipation New cloud formotion Fig. 4.12. Schematic cross section through squall line or large rainstorm. Lengths of horizontal arrows proportional to wind speeds outside cloud system. (Journal of Meteorology, Vol. 16, No. 5, October, 1959, p. 490.)

the upper and lower portion of the cloud. Horizontal convergence and divergence in the free stream must result as shown in the figure. This model assumed a squall line of indefinite cross wind extent. However, Newton proposes that for an isolated cell the...." air might be imagined to divide and pass around the sides...without actual convergence and divergence." This would, in essence, imply a divergence of the streamlines aroaund the cloud with subsequent convergence on the downstream side. The relative in-cloud and free stream velocities and induced pressure fields would be as shown in the model. Evaluation of the in-cloud velocities from the observations of the cloud radar echo is difficult. Throughout the period from 1102 to 1123, no consistent movement can be detected. A gradual growth of the cloud towards the east and southeast is apparent. The lack of cloud movement as compared to the movement of the chaff parcels is a striking indication of the process proposed by Newton. Estimates of the movement of the center of the cloud radar echo at 20,000 and 13,000 ft have been made from the radar record. The estimated velocities are 325 degrees at 3.5 knots for the 20,000 ft level and 350 degrees at 3.0 knots for the 13,000 ft level. These estimates are very inaccurate because of the small movement and rapid development of the cloud echo. Estimates of the environmental winds may be obtained from the chaff movement observed in proximity to the cloud. For this purpose, the movement of No. 1 chaff parcel for the first period was employed, since it was believed to be more representative of the undisturbed flow. The resulting vector diagram showing the estimated relative velocity between the undisturbed environment, and the cloud, is shown in Fig. 4.13. in this diagram VCu represents the estimated cloud velocity at 20,000 ft, VC1 the cloud velocity at 13,000 ft, Veiu the environmental wind velocity at 18,000 ft, and Vel the wind velocity at 15,000 ft. The resultant vectors, VR, which would give the direction of the hydrodynamic pressure gradients, have been entered as dashed lines because it is believed the accuracy of the estimated velocity vectors warrant only very limited confidence. The development by Newton shows that for the condition that the mean horin zcontal velocity at a given level in a convective cloud remain unchanged with time, the following condition must apply. wm = p.c where wm = vertical velocity C = average in-cloud velocity at a given level 62

V = 3250, 3.5 Knots CU VC = 350", 3.0 Knots VE = I1~, 10.8 Knots VE = 09", 8.7 Knots V CI V VE / VR / //,'' / / III - Fig. 413 Vector diagram showing estimated in-cloud and ambient velocities. Fig. 4.13. Vector diagram showing estimated in-cloud and ambient velocities.

a~ = hydrodynamic pressure p = air density D = cloud diameter and the subscript m implies horizontal averaging over the extent of t..he eloudo I.t is further shown by Newton that for realistic Reynolds numbers, 4' is proportional to pVR2/2 and the above relationship becomes~ T 2 Do VR Win a'This relationship shows that for a given cloud diameter and given environmental wind relative to in-cloud wind, the vertical shear, C0/6z, will be less for clouds halving a large vertical velocityo The converse will also be true Thus, clouds maintain a relatively vertical axis during active growth but the cirrus tops shear cff due tc a lack of vertical transport of horizontal moment-u o In the model by Newton, it is assumed that downdrafts within the cloud transport air having horizontal moment'um greater'than that of the environment into the lower levels of the cloud. A relative velocity opposite, or at least, differing in direction, from that at the upper portion of the cloud results. This was not observed to apply to the cloud in which. the chaff trajectories were measured near San Francisco Peaks, on July 28, 1959. In this case, even the ch-aff at levels near the cloud base appeared to indieate an ambient velocity greater than that of +.he cloud -adar ech.oo, Thus, the relative velocity between ambient and in-cloud air showed only a small amountr of shear between the 15,000 and 18,000 ft. levelso It might be observed, howevers, that the lo d base was lower than 15,000 ft. and the lop higher than 18,000 ft sEo that observations at these levels do not represent act-ual cndit;ionsat either the base or at the top of the clou.. In actuality, the measlh_.eientls represent the flcow conditicons more nearly at the midpoint of the clou:do The final periods of -the chaff traject+ory, in which measurement of the trajectory at 13,000 ft was possible, indicate that the flow at cloud base may have had a southerly com-ponent. The surface observations at Doyle Saddle su-bstantiate this inrdica tiono Th.us, the relative velocity at the cloud base may have differed by a significant amount from that indicated in Fig~ 4o13. If the surface winds at Doyle Saddle are tak~en as representative of the ambient wind near the -cloud base, he relative velocity vector wold then have a southerly component his wcAuld result; in a wind field more nearly i.n conformance to Newt;on s model and would also explain the ability of the cloudi to remain nearly stationary relative to th're ambient wind field at high.er levelso 64

The analysis given by Newton may be followed somewhat further. If a velocity differential does exist between the cloud and the ambient wind field, then a hydrodynamic pressure field will be induced. The magnitude and direction of the hydrodynamic pressure will be determined by the magnitude and direction of the relative velocity vectors. Positive pressure will exist on the upwind relative velocity side of the cloud and negative pressure on the downwind side. Thus as shown by Newton, the hydrodynamic pressure field may produce a vertical pressure gradient independent of thermal stability if a direction shear in relative velocity exists between the upper and lower portions of the cloud. The growth of the cumulus cloud through development of new cells would be expected to proceed on the side of the cloud where the vertical pressure gradient due to hydrodynamical forces is directed upward. In the present case, it is not possible to assign an accurate estimate to the magnitude of the velocities near the cloud base. However, it is interesting qualitatively to note the relationships observed. If it is assumed, as was done above, that the relative velocity vector near the cloud base has a southerly direction while that near the cloud top has a northerly direction, the resulting vertical pressure gradient will be positive upward on the south side of the cloud. This pressure gradient shoudl result in increased instability and continued growth of the cloud on the south side of the original cloud. It may be observed from the composite diagram of the cloud radar echoes shown in Fig. 4.10 that the cloud development did actually occur on the south and southeast side of ghe original cloud. It is difficult to place much confidence in this observation since the estimation of the relative wind vectors at low levels is very uncertaino 4.9 SUMMARY The use of "chaff" as a tracer of air movement in the proximity of a developing cumulus cloud near the San r rancisco Peaks on July 28, 1959 has provided evidence of the feasibility of the technique to sltudy the velocity field near such clouds. The limited data available from the single case offer evidence that a cloud model such as that proposed by Newtoni4 may be appropriate. While precise analysis of the wind field is not possible from the data available, a definite indication of convergence of the streamlines in the downstream direction from the cloud was observed. The hydrodynramic pressure field induced by the indicated relative velocity between in-cloud and ambient winds predicts development of the cloud in a direction supported by observed development. The possibility of a completely fortuitous coincidence of events giving the results observed here cannot be overlooked. The cloud development occurred near the San Francisco Peaks which extend to an altitude of about 12,000 ft MSL. The peaks, therefore, must bnave a pronounced infl-uene on the wind field to some height above the summit. It is, therefore, not possible to separate the influence of the peaks upon the wind field frolm that of t-he cuulus cloud. It would

be desirable and appropriate to duplicate measurements such as reported here in an environment of more uniform terrain. Substantial reliance can be placed upon the present observations only after observations are made to substantiate or refute the results reported here. 4.10 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE OBSERVATIONS It is believed that the observations reported here represent sufficient evidence that the application of tracer techniques can reveal more detail of the flow characteristics near cumulus clouds than have been previously observed. However, the use of chaff is limited by the restriction that the radar echo from the chaff cannot be distinguished from that due to precipitation with the desired degree of confidence. This restriction limits observations within the cloud to periods prior to development of the precipitation echo. Observations of chaff not originally dispersed within a cloud may even be subject to doubt unless visual photographs are available t-o verify the boundaries of the cloud. The use of chaff is, therefore, limited to a rather restricted type of measurement and may not be expected to yield results of significantly greater accuracy than herein reported. An approach that would appear to offer potential of obtaining more accurate trajectory information would be that employed by Angell and Pack.15 Small, constant volume, super-pressured balloons were employed as Lagrangian tracers. The balloons attain and remain at an equilibrium pressure altitude unless subjected to a vertical displacement force by vertical air movement. Because the restoring forces are small, the balloons respond essentially to the vertical air velocities unless displaced a large distance from the equilibrium level. Balloons launched upwind from a cumulus cloud should either be entrained into the cloud or follow the streamlines around the cloud and thus indicate the character of air flow as desired. Tracking of the balloons could be accomplished by an automatic tracking radar as employed by Angell and Pack. Since this would require a special radar and would then permit tracking of only a single balloon, a method using a transponder such as that described by Dickson and Pooundl6 would seem advantageous. Use of transponders would permit tracking several balloons simultaneously by a single PPI radar while the same radar was being employed to observe the precipitation echo from the cloud under study. The transponder is designed to "answer" on a frequency different from that of the radar so that tracking should be possible even within a dense precipitation echo area. Limitation for in-cloud measurements would result from the effects of precipitation of icing on the free lift of the balloon. However, even in the event of moderate icing, a semi-quantitative measure of in-cloud velocities could be obtained. Although difficulty would be experienced in launching balloons to attain 66

the desired altitude and position relative to a developing cumulus cloud, it is believed that this technique offers a possibility to obtain a more accurate quantitative measure of the wind field near the cloud than that obtained by use of chaff. The single advantage of chaff as a tracer agent is the property of vertical diffusion which makes possible trajectory measurement at several altitudes. Either technique possesses potential to yield valuable information and should be employed in some future program of cloud dynamics study~

CHAPTER 5 PROJECT HI-CUE 1961 OBSERVATIONS 5.1 INTRODUCTION In the summer of 1961 equipment and staff were sent to Flagstaff, Arizona, to join with others in the Project Hi-Cue field program. The University of Michigan group maintained two primary activities: (1) the AN/APQ-40 van-mounted radar unit was operated from its station at Flagstaff Municipal Airport, and (2) the photoelectric raindrop-size spectrometer was operated at the Walter Kent Ranch, northwest of Flagstaff and southwest of Mto Agassiz. The group at the Kent Ranch also undertook to make two-theodolite pilot balloon soundings to determine some of the characteristics of the air movement below the cloud bases. We were particularly gratified, and our effort was greatly aided by the generosity of Mr. Walter Kent and his family in allowing us to establish our station on their land, to connect to their service box for our electric power, and to erect temporary power lines and other structures necessary for our work. The cooperation of our colleagues in the Hi-Cue program also deserves special mention. Each of the participating groups contributed to our operation in one or more ways, and the Kent Ranch site became the most comprehensively instrumented field station in the study area. The municipal airport was, of course, the seat of all the radar operations, the GRD radiosonde station, the T-11 stereocamera setup, and the base for the flying cloud physics laboratories. 5.2 OBSERVATIONS TAKEN AT THE KENT RANCH STATION As early as 14 July, when the installation of the raindrop-size spectrometer was not yet completed, a moderate shower of small hail occurred at the station. Precipitation did not again occur until 20 July. From this date through August 4, data were collected in all rains. The log of raindrop-size data is presented in Table 5.1. Two-theodolite balloon sounding equipment was obtained and a baseline established by 21 July, and soundings were made as appropriate through 3 August. The log of these soundings is presented in Table 5.2. 5.3 RADAR OBSERVATIONS The APQ-40 radar was operated at Flagstaff Municipal Airport in support of Project Hi-Cue during July and August, 1961. Observations were coordi69

TABLE 5.1 SUMMARY AND EVALUATION OF RAINDROP-SIZE SPECTROMETER DATA Walter Kent Ranch Flagstaff, Arizona July 1961 - August 1961 Precip. Date Times Amount Spectrometer Remarks (Inch) Data July 14 1050-1105.100 Spectrometer not Precip. in the form of hail. 1105-1145.025 installed 1050-1105. 15-19 0 20 2245-2315.025 Fair data 21 1450-1515.055 Fair 22 1155-1210.005 None 23 1145-1225.275 Fair to good Precip. Mainly hail, so spectrometer data is not calibrated. 24 0 25 1420-15350.075 Good 26 0 27 1250-1325.040 Fair to good Small variation in gai.n to the oscillograph. 28 1230 T 29 0 30 1452-1603.570 Fair to good Data requires a careful analysis. 31 1057-1450 o340 Excellent Data complete for entire rain. Aug. 1 1432-1605.455 Fair Soime sections of storm norecorded and a few sect+ions not reliable. 2 1202-1245.090 No record 2230-0130.015 No record 3 1420-1500.085 Fair Power failure due to lightning 1528-2045.310 Fair resulted in some missing data and lack of warm-up time gasl.ve variable gain. 4 121'5-1435.440 Fair Slight change in gain dZuring -the storm. Last 0.10 in?. of rain not recorded. 5 1945-2200.635 No record Spectrometer dismantled. The above is a complete record of all the rainfall which occ-rred at Kents's Ranch during the operational period. 70

TABLE 5.2 TWO-THEODOLITE PILOT BALLOON SOUNDINGS Walter Kent Ranch Flagstaff, Arizona July 1961 August 1961 Duration Approximate Date Release of Flight Free Lift Time (Min) (GM) July 21 1612 13 35 22 1019 22 85 1102 11 45 1345 24 50 23 1000 22 30 1050 8.5 53 1211 32.5 50 1447 23 45 25 0907 56 40 26 0919 17 65 1111 19 Msg 1157 24.5 Msg 27 0948 26 60 1229 19.5 37 1415 21 60 28 1206 37 56 29 0823 40 85 30 0902 42.5 85 1000 27 o~5 1101 34 0 1452 8.5 85 15530 30 50 31 0846 2355 90 1118 20 80 Aug. 1 1451 16.5 53 1534 26 80 3 0902 23 90 71

nated with measurements by an AN/APQ-70 radar operated by the AFCRL and with a raindrop-size spectrometer operated by The University of Michigan. However, equipment malfunctions severely limited the periods of successful quantitative data collection. Modification of the radar antenna control system prior to the program permitted relatively rapid data acquisition while operating in the RHII mode. A large portion of the measurements were made in RHI mode to facilitate more frequent measures of the cloud reflectivity over the drop-size spectrometer site. Only a small azimuth sector was usually scanned on either side of the spectrometer site. While this practice neglected observation of cloud development at other azimuths, it permitted a much greater time resolution in measurements of cloud reflectivity over the spectrometer site. Calibration of the radar by measurement of power return from a spherical target was accomplished on two occasions. A one meter diameter Sluchy Target Balloon (Suchy Division, Inc o, New York) was tethered at an elevation of about 1000 ft at a range of one mile. A single measurement of power returned from this spherical target indicated an antenna gain 4 db less than that computed from geometrical dimensions. A series of measurements of power returned from a 6" diameter spun aluminum sphere indicated the same antenna gain within a fraction of a decibel. It was, therefore, possible to convert the radar measurements to reflectivity units with an accuracy equal to that of the test set' employed. A log of radar measurements made duiring the period July 17 through August 5, 1961 is included in Table 5 3. The RHI data are logged together with the azimuth or range of azimuth covered by the observations. In general, all HIT data are gain series measurements at 2 degrees increments of azimuth. PPT data are of two types; gain series and either fixed elevation time-lapse or elevation serieso The gain and elevation PPI data are logged separately and the range of most frequent data are entered. All time entries are Mountain Standard Time. 5.4 REDUCTION AND PRESENTATION OF DATA Pursuant to an agreement among participants, reached in conference, data reduction and analysis has been done mainly for observations taken on 27 and 31 July and 1 August. The recording oscillograph charts for these dates were reduced to punched card records of the raindrop-size spectra, and these were processed by electronic computer (IBM 709) to give the various familiar rainfall and radar parameters. T Ie results of these computations are presented in Table 5.4. The computed values probably do not warrant any greater accu~raey than three significant figures for any quantity printed. A greater number of fig72

TABLE 5o3 SL4MARY OF AN/APQ-40 RADAR OBSERVATIONS Flagstaff Municipal Airport, Arizona July 1961 - August 1961 (Mountain Standard Time) Date RHI Data Azimuth PPI Data Range Gain Series Elevation Series Naut Mi 7/17/61 1403-19 356 1530- 32 100 1534-37 13-20 1539- 100 7/18/61 1315-25 38-48 1148-1202 20 1336-46 240o250 1356-1402 20 1347-54 270-288 1548-56 20 1402=10 48=54 1602-10 20 1539-45 300-335 1558-16o 310o-345 7/19/61 Photo Calibration 0958-1006 16-32 1007-08 20 1009-24 14-48 1025-26 20 1027=42 20-60 1043-47 20 1048=1108 20-72 1109-13 20 1114-18 84=? 1119-36 20 1137055 3C060 7/20/61 1334-44 15=48 1319=21 20 1407=10 33=44 1349-1405 100 1425=27 20-30 1431-38 20 1441=44 0=5 1457-1515 100 1518=28 100 1532-51 100 1557_1605 100 16o=16 100 1622-38 100 2243=50 100 2251=56 20 2258=2311 330-355 2314=2335 20 7/21/61 0925-30 15=28 0916=24 20 0930=44 30=63 0946- 20 1257=1308 338=352 1148-1234 100 1459=1516 340=350 1242-47 100 1250=C56 20 1310-12 1312=30 20 1325=40 20 1352=53 100 1401=57 20 73

TABLE 5.3 (Continued) PPI Data Range Date RHI Data Azimuth PPI Data Range Gain Series Elevation Series Naut Mi 7/21/61 1517-21 20 1523-32 100 7/22/61 1152-59 336-350 1057-1149 20 1545-1603 15-40 1200-35 20 1606-1614 15-45 1246-1350 20 1417-1441 20 1521-1545 20 1604-1607 100 1617-1623 20 7/23/61 1003-20 335-358 1002-03 100 1022-52 340o-348 1020- 20 0o54-56 348 1053- 20 1057-59 352 1100-02 356 1103-04 360 1105-08 oo004 1110-11 08 1114-16 20 7/24/61 1326-45 338-350 1020-57 20 1105-06 100 1107-1109 20 1147-1230 20 (100) 1235-1325 20 (100) 1348-1406 20 1413-1416 20 7/25/61 1436-47 330-360 1151-1205 20 1451-1506 325-355? 1210-1240 20 1249-1256 20 1308-1335 20 1419-1436 20 1448-1450 20 1509-1550 20 7/26/61 1126-1130 340-355 1055-1110 20 (100) 1115-1125 20 1131-1155 20 1232-1240 20 (100) 1247-1254 20 1600-1603 100 7/27/61 Photo Calibration 1106-1123 350-010 0940-1016 20 1233-1242 344- 1021-1055 20 1507-1510 320- 1057-1106 20 1512~1516 285-010 1127-1232 20 74

TABLE 5.3 (Concluded) PPI Data Range Date RHT Data Azimuth PPI Data Range Gain Series Elevation Series Naut Mi 7/27/61 1243-1305 20 (100) 1317=1330 20 (100) 1405-1505 20 (o100) 7/31/61 1522-1525 33000 30 8/1/61 1417-1422 295-005 0948-1005 20 1430-1452 340-355 1015-1032 20 1510-1522 330-350 1114-1117 20 1535-1540 330-350 1124-1139 20 1146-1154 20 1317-1330 100 1341-1415 20 1423-1430 20 1454=1510 20 1541=1554 20 (100) 1601=1603 20 8/2/61 1148-1155 330-355 0931-0945 20 1239-1247 280-344 o0948-1023 20 (100) 1325-1335 270=330 1023-1110 20 (100) 1116-1147 20 1157=1205 100 1223-1237 20 1251=1321 20 135521417 20 (100) 8/3/61 Photo Calibration 1104-1106 20 1558-1601 340-355 1221=1257 20 (100) 1258=1359 20 (100) 1416=1419 20 1445-=145o 20 1550=1557 20 1603=1607 20 8/4/61 1233-1241 330=360 1028=1130 20 (100) 1135=1200 20 1204=1230 20 1243=1336 20 1412-1445 20 (100) 8/5/61 0952-1032 20 1040-1054 20 1107=1113 20 1151=1157 20 1258=1500 20 75

TABLE 5.4 COMPUTER OUTPUT OF DATA ON AND PARAMETERS DERIVED FREC RAINDROP-SIZE SPECTRA Walter Kent Ranch Flagstaff, Arizona July 27, 31, and Aiz st 1, 1961 --- -------------- RAINDROP-SIZE DISTRIBUTION DAIA FOR 7-27-1961 STARTING TIME 1221.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 18.350 11.949 5.549 13.079.000 6.Z94 -.000.000 6.626.000 -.000.000 -.000.000 8.557 Z =.28250E 04 MM6M-3 M =.49313E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO: 3.330MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.368 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.61933E-01 DB PER KM G =.812 STARTING TIME 1222.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 -— NUMBER OF DROPS —-------- 12.447 6.047 6.047 6.116 -.000.000 -.000.000 7.744 L =.18091O E 03 MM6M-3 M =.10981E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 2,.136MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.249 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.31352E-02 D8 PER KM G =.885 STARTING TIME 1223.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 31.658 11.424.000 -.000.000 6.925.000 7.597......... Z =.12138E 03 MM6M-3 M =.10664E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.916MM PRECIP INTENSITY -.223 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.22520E-02 DB PER KM G =.847 STARTING TIME 1241.30 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 30 —----------------- - - NUMBER OF DROPS _____88.948 50.546 21.658.000 -.000.000 -.000 15.090 15.771 Z =.95275E 03 M/;6M-3 M =.46646E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 2.197MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.098 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.16127E-01 DB PER KM G = 1.008 STARTING TIME 1242.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROiPS 24.632 50.233 5.431 6.180 6.494 5.724 -.000.000 —-- 6.988.........._.QQ9 —-- 7.630.CO 8.295 Z =.18759E 04 MM16M-3 M =.54549E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 2.573MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.405 MM PER HOUR ATTENUAFION =.34523E-01 08 PER KM G = 1.057 STARTING TIME 1243.G0 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS Z =.98380E 02 Mt6M-3 M =.16851E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 151 PRECIP INTENSIFY =.312 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.22186E-02 DB PER KM G = ------- ___ - _-_8 —-—. —----- -. _~~~~ ~ ~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

STARTING TIME 1244.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 12.374.000 6.187 7.040 _:.55574E 01 MM6M-3 M:.22018E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO: 1.114MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.033 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.19662E-03 DB PER KM G =.957 STARTING TIME 1245.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 18.561 11.521.COO 21.121 Z =.13391E 02 MM6M-3 M =.48596E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.136MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.075 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.44660E-03 DB PER KM G =.983 ------------------------- STARTING TIME 1246.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF OROPS 19.201 6.400 19.201 Z =.43550E 01 MM6M-3 M =.27882E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER DZULERO =.931MM __ ____ __ PRECIP INTENSITY =.037 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.21854E-03 DB PER KM G = 1.015 _ STARTING TIME 1247.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 6.029 18.458.000 6.460 -.000.000 7.456 Z =.55604E 02 MM6M-3 M =.68488E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.725MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.132 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.10493E-G2 D8 PER KM G.828 _ ______ STARTING TIME 1248.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 _ _ _ _ _ __NUMBER OF DROPS _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ ___ ___ __ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.000 12.587 12.587 7.040 Z =.73820E 01 MM6M-3 M =.32671E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO =.973MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.048 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION.28303E-03 DB PER KM G = 1.285 STARTING TIME 1249.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 18.284 37.485 18.284 4.459 -.000.000 6.730 7.045 7.375 7.116.000 -.000.000 8.429.23938E 04 MM6M-3 M =.62608E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER OZERO = 2.377MM __ PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.631 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.48893E-01 Db PER KM G = 1.491 STARTING TIME 1250.C00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS

74.852 36.449 36.449 26.911 13.482 5.b83.' C 14. 48 6.454 -.000.000 -.CCO.,CO -.000.G00 8.,85 Z =.41836E 04 MI:6M-3 N =.8C802E-01 GM PER CtUIC MEIER )ZLRf = 3.505MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 2.081 MM PER HOUR AIIENUAIION =.89149E-01 Oh PtR KM, =.63b STARTING TIME 1251.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 87.487 49.084 4. 281 12.155 12.774 19.870. --- 6.697 14.965 5.9 87... -.000.CCO -.G00.000 17.115 Z =.60391E 04 MM6M-3 M =.12086E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 3.314MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 3.246 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.13057E 00 Db PER KM G =.719... STARTING TIME 1252.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 —---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NUMBER OF DROPS 95.019 50.216 5.413 6.160 5.726.COO 6.893 6.814.000 15.771 Z =.75378E 03 MM6M-3 M =.40917E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 2.310MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.931 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.12901E-01 DB PER KM G =.182 STARTING TIME 1253.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 20 NUMBER OF DROPS................................... 56.964 37.762 37.762 21.121 Z =.22677E 02 MM6M-3 M =.11090E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO =.956MM Co) PRECIP INTENSITY =.157 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.92973E-03 DB PER KM G = 1.224 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- - - - - - _- - - - - - - - — _- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - — _- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - — _- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - STARTING TIME 1254.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 18.400 5.599 5.599 13.655 14.350 Z =.31349E 02 MM6M-3 M =.78971E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.304MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.134 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.84537E-03 DB PER KM G =.937 STARTING TIME 1255.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 5.974 5.547.000 14.081 Z =.87556E 01 MM6M-3 M =.29806E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.142MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.047 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.28048E-03 DB PER KM G = 1.034 STARTING TIME 1256.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 I-E — _ _56_ 0_ -------— _ _E_N__`-f- - F _S_ __-M __L _ _ ----- _6_ NUMBER OF DROPS 17.480.000.o00 -.0n(0 0o0 6.925 nnn 7-997, Z =.12064E 03 MM6M-3 M =.97303E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.924MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.213 MM PER HOUR A1TENUATION =.21880E-02 UB PER KM G = -9_ - -_ —--------

STARTING TIME 1257.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS Z.35320E 02 MM16M-3 M.54241E-02 GM PER CUbiC METER UZLRO 1.514MM PRECIP INTENSITY.104 MM ER HOUR ATTENUATION a.75982Ef-03 Db PERK.9b3 NUMBER OF DROPS 18.110 32.945 -.000.000 -.00.0oo 6,36Q 6.65iB 6,970 15.378 7.825 8.161 Z -.21462E 04 MM6M-3 M =. 74834E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DIE RD 2.361MM PRkECIPTO I NT E NSI TY = 1.936 MM PER HUUR ATTENUATION -.36&607E-01 Dii PER KM = 1.113 STARTING TIME 1307.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 60.726 79.927 22.323 _J l969 --? A - ---- 3Ai54 ------ &.6-0 30 _3Q.J 9 —----------------------- Z x.60557E 03 MM6M-3 M =.63598E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERD 1.585MM PRECIP INTENSITY 1.278 MM PER HOUR aTTENUJAT1UNLa.11687E-0l Dii PER KM 0 = 1.252 _STARTING TIME -1308..00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 ---------------------------------------------------- NUMBER OF UROPS 167.469 109.865 90.664 52.187 1-7.849 18.735 4.301 12.308 44.698 14.339 -- 13.841......00(O 23.1(1:.000.000 lkt6!L ------ 7-pQSQ -----— *AQJQ -----— 9.&Q~l --------------- = - 23352E 05 MM6M-3 M z. 36838E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO a2.951MM __PRECIP INTENSITY 10.121 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION,.39499E 00 DiiPER.t —--- - - KM -- fZ. ------------------------- STARTING TIME 1309.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 --------------------------------------------------- NUMBER F U OF — --- - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - -- - - - - -- - — DROPS- - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - 237.171 141.165 57.960 44.104 9.355 39.944 349197 12.381 44.774 30.607 7,260 23.525 -.000.000 -.000.0og 8.801 1 =. 10787E 05 MM6M-3 MN.29031E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER UZERO 2.339MM pRE IP NTENSIA T1 Y - 7.33Lt!~__PE HOUR ---— A —T —---— A —-— ON —-----— 9 —153.521 89.517 d3o116 21.748 22.855 61.645 56.941 51.802 38.323 l5.771 L = -.27992E.04 MM6M-3 M. 19766E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER UZER RD Ae9lM -------------------------- PRECIP INTENSITY ~~~4.375 MMPER HCUR AITENUAIION a.4914E0 8 E MG -1.04.2 STARTING TIME 1311.00 LLNJTH OF SAMPLE 60 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ —--------------------

NUMBER OF DROPS 169.042 169.042 105.038 75.827 50.090 90.232 79235 202501 45.321 30.796.000 7.571 -.000.000 8.557 Z =.68347E 04 MM6M-3 M =.30401E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER OZERO = 1.95MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 7.029 MM PER HUR ATTENUATION =.13264E 0 0 PER KM G 1.528 STARTING TIME 1312.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 169.831 150.630 137.829 25.742 34.450 13.567 5.595.000 _ 9 7.825 8.161 Z =.20824E 04 MM6M-3 M =.11078E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER OZERO 2.132MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 2.412 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION a.37443E-01 DB PER KM G - 1.016 STARTING TIME 1313.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 166.225 159.824 102.221 79.904 46.976 g6_ 715 20.333 _896 tt]i._.000 7.772 7.896.000 8.557 Z -.59864E 04 MM6M-3 M =.20744E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER OZERO a 1.993MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 4.896 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION -.12078E 00 UB PER KM G z 1.908 STARTING TIME 1314.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 0 141.632 58.427 39.226 73,769 479928 27.714 29,046 22.400.000 7.B5s Z =.10071E 04 MM6M-3 M =.97373E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER UZERO ~ 1.594MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.972 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.18922E-01 D8 PER KM G _ 1.338 ---- _ _____ STARTING TIME 1315.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 ___NUM_ ___MBER OF DROPS ___ ____ _______ ____________ 68.656 43.054 55.855 12.577 13.217 13.873 14.540 7.018 -.000.000 Z =.77265E 03 MM6M-3 M =.51266E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER OZERO a 1.744MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.090 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION a.13834E-01 0B PER KM G 1.4188 STARTING TIME 1316.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 50.106 24.504 18.104 13.318 6.597 6.924 7.257 7.597 Z =.19311E 03 MM6M-3 M =.22416E-l_ -GM —R —_U_ —_-MTR... -— M — PRECIP INTENSITY =.435 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION a.37874E-02 D8 PER KM G - 1.130 STARTING TIME 1317.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS

120.484 37.2 19 18.C78 13.288 13.964 6.925.000 7.597 Z =.15614E 03 MP6M-3 M =.22369E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO 1.354MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.399 NM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.33631E-02 Db PER KM G = 1.473 STARTING TIME 131c.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 — ______________________________ __ —-- NUMBER OF DRUPS 110.457 46.453 40.052 60.143 26.210 50.104 13.396.000 15.098 7.685 8.026 Z =.14781E 04 MNM6M-3 M =.10 000E 00 GM PER CUBIC REfER DZERO = 1.711MM PRECIP INTENSITY - 2.163 MM PER HOUR _ ATTENUATION =.26366E-01 DB PER KM G - 1.545 --------------------- STARTING TIME 1319.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS —--- -- - ---- --- - 118.224 79.822 54.220 25.282 26.569 27.888 29.228 22.792 Z =.65538E 03 MM6M-3 M =.73748E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DUZERO = 1.700MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.456 MM PER HOUR AITENUATION =.12653E-01 Db PER KM G =.946 STARTING TIME 1320.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 163.433 61.027 22.624 40.311 27.565 6.340 21.980 7.398 7.744 Z =.51593E 03 MN6M-3 M =.55530E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.704MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.084 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.98844E-02 Db PER KM G =.984 Co STARTING TIME 1321.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 __ NUMBER OF DROPS __________ 66.913 66.913 15.710 90.709 13.939 14.631 Z =.13153E 03 MN6M-3 M =.33442E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO 1,161MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.556 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.35823E-02 DB PER KM G = 1.317 STARTING TIME 1322.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 37.404 50.204 75.806 20.713 6.970 7.316 Z =.65555E 02 MM6M-3 M =.20365E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO =.984MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.318 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.20125E-02 DB PER KM G = 1.771 ------------------------- STARTING TIME 1323.0C LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 ____________ __________________ NUMBER OF DROPS 83.205 64. 004 38.402 Z =.11813E 02 MM6M-3 M =.93352E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO =.781MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.115 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.69709E-03 DB PER KM G = 1.390 _- _ - -_ - -_ - -_ - -_ -_ _ -_ _ -_ _ -_ _ -_ - -_ - -_ - -_ - -_ -_ _ -_ _ -_ _ - _ _- _- - _- - _- - _ - -_ -_ _ -_ _ -_ _ -_ _ -_ - -_ - -_ - -_ - -_ -_ _ -_ _ -_ _ _ _ -_ - -_ - -_ _ - -_-_ _ -_ _ -_ _ -_ _ -_ - -_ - -_ - -_ - -_ -_ _- _ _- _ _- _ _-_- - _- - _- - _- -_-__-_ _-_ _-_ _-_- -_- -_- -_- -_-_ _-_ _-_ _-_ _-_- -_ _- -_- -_-_ _ _ _-_ _-_ _-_- -_- -_- -_- -_-_ _-_ _-_ _-_ _-_- -_- -_- -_- -__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- -- -- ---- - -- -- -- -- - -- — _ _ — -- - --- -- - - -- — __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __- -__ ____ ____ ____ ____ _____ —_ —_

STARTING TIME 1324.0C LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 70.405 12.801 Z =.13281E 01 MF6M-3 M =.22708L-C2 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERC =.572MM wrAFV NTENST TY -.u22 MM PER HOUk AITEN N =1= s ---------------------------------------------.rcr — -E~IT-?=.u22 MM PER HOUR AJTENUATIUN =.14883E-03 OB PER KM b = 1.634 STARTING TIME 1325.0C LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 25.602 12.801 2560 12.- — E-OO-M —------------ ---- ---------------------------------------- Z =.1003-E 00 M646M-3 M:.12654E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER UZERO =.788MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.013 MM PER HOUR AITENUATIIN =.85392E-04 Db PER KM G = 1.U62 STARTING TIME 1326.OC LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 19.201 12.8I Z =.85030E 00 MM6M-3 M -.11207E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO =.718MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.U12 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.76331E-04 DB PER KM G = 1.072 STARTING TIME 1327.CC LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS o.Z =.11945E 00- M6M-3 M =.28955E-03 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO =.550MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.003 MM PER HCUR ATTENUATION =.18124E-04 DB PER KM G = 1,298 -— STARTING TIME 1521.30 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 30 —----------------- NUMBER OF DROPS 36.884 11.282 11.282 12.838 28.289 14.631 Z =. 10255E 03 MM6M-3 M =.19349E-01 GM PER CUBIC MEIER __DZERO 1.358MM ______________ PRECIP INTENSITY =.349 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.24072E-02 OB PER KM G = 1.108 STARTING TIME 1'22.0C LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DRCPS 50.2 15 5.412 24.6 13 13.442 21.525 Z =.46117E 02 Mf'6M-3 M =.12621E-O1 GM PER CUBIC ME, ER DZERO = 1.1Iv5MM PRECIP INTENSIfY =.207 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.13041E-02 Db PER KM G = 1.122 _STARTING TIME 1523.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF ORUPS 17.256.000C 11.828 13.460 14.145 7.316 Z =.56412E 02 MF,6M-3 M =.11267E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.339MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.202 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.13594E-02 UDB PER KM G = 1.093

STARTING TIME 1524.UC LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF URUOPS 25.201 6. CCO 6.,cC 6.827 7. 1 75,.. -I.16632E 02 MN6M-3 M -.48112E-02 GM PER C[IBIC MEfER OLERO 1.172MM PRECIP INTFNSITY =.077 M PFR HOUR AIrENtJATION =.48;42F-03 UP PFR KM G = 1.123 STARTING TIME 1525.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLF 60 NUMBER OF URUPS 31.388 11.573.000 13.866 7.175 Z =.19986E 02 MN;6M-3 M =.59017E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER UDZRO = 1.165MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.094 NM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.58883F-03 Uh PFR KM G = 1.123 STARTING TIME 1526.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 95.366 17.921.00C 21.121 Z =.14443E 02 MF6M-3 M =.69400E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.109MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.094 MM PER HOUR AITENUATION =.57992F-0Q3 U PER KM _G =.798 STARTING TIME 1527.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 _____ ____ _ ________ NUMBER OF DROPS 81.629 62.427 36.826 34.622 6.789 6.925.000 7.597 Z =.16278E 03 MM6M-3 M =.26601E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER UZERO = 1.168MM — PRECIP INTENSITY =.462 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.36943E-02 Ub PER KM G= 2.012 STARTING TIME 1528.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 82.143 43.740 30.939 12.582.000 13.867. 000 7.398 7.744 __Q____ Z z.33360E 03 MM6M-3 M =.30501E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.593MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.609 MM- PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.62972E-02 Db PER KM G = 1.417 STARTING TIME 1529.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 43.228 62.429 49.629 27.341 21.130.000 7.456.11247E 03 MM6M-3 M =.25095E-01 GM PER CLJIC METER DZERO = 1.161MM ______ _____________________ PRECIP INTENSITY =.419 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATIGN =.28189E-02 DB PER KM G = 1.499 STARTING TIME 1530.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS.___________ —-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

43.591 94.794 43.59 21.754 6.970 7.316 Z =.65712E 02 MM6M-3 M =.2U796E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO =.995MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.320 MM PLR HOUR ATTENUATION =.20380E-02 DB PER KM G = 1.680 STARTING TIME 1531.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 74.750 100.352 23.547 48.644 21.525 Z =.72132E 02 MM6M-3 M =.24525E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO 1.131MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.376 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.23209E-02 Ub PER KM G - 1.065 STARTING TIME 1532.00C LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 279.215 285.615 112.604 40.965 43.049 Z =. 12943E 03 MM6M-3 M =. 53225[-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO =.942MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.762 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.47192E-02 Db PER KM G = 1.522 STARTING TIME 1533.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 108.423 63.620 31.618 6.638.000 7.316 Z =.39182E 02 MM6M-3 M -.13514E-01 GM PER CUbIC METER DZERO -.927MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.194 MM PER HOUR AlTENUATION =.12843E-02 D8 PER KM G = 1.906 STARTING TIME 1534.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 44.590 6.187 12.587 7.04C Z =.74625E 01 M6M-3 M =.39325E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER DERO:.947MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.u53 MM PER HCUR ATTENUATIGN =.32158E-03 Ub PER KM G = 1.168 STARTING TIME 1535.00 OLENGTH OF SAMPLF 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 12.374.000 6.187 1.040 Z =.55574E 01 MN.6M-3 M =.2 018E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER UDZERO 1.114MM PRECIP INTENSI FY =.033 MN PER HLOiJR ATTENUATION =.19662E-03 DB PER KM G =.957 STARTING 7IME 1536.OC LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF ROSPS 12.400 5.599.Coo 6.827 7.175 Z =.15291E 02 MI63,.M =.3u779E-02 GM PER CUbIC METER DZERO = 1.3C6MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.U_ _ M PER HL'UR ATTENUAIUN =.41365E-03 [H PFR KM C =.927

STARTING TIME 1537.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 18.817 6.016 25.217 6.638.000 7.316 Z =.34046E 02 MM6M-3 M =.77280E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER UZERO = 1.140MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.130 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.88071E-03 OB PER KM G = 1.559 STARTING TIME 1538.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 31.789 38.189 31.789 7.040 Z =.12861E 02 MM6M-3 M =.73695E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO =.928MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.100 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.59310E-03 Dh PER KM G = 1.145 COEF = 596.419220, SL = 1.468668, STER =.323017t RPOS = 1.156045 RNEG = -.525638, STERA =.334542 ------------------------------------------------------------- COEFM =.048380, SLM =.87091,1 COEFD = 1.763968, SLD =.194058 - -_ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - — _ -__ _ - - - - - - _ _-_ — - - _ _-_-_- _ _ — - - - -_-_ _ — - - -_-_ _ — - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -_ -_ _- _ _-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __-_ _ _ _ __- -_-_-_ ___ _ _ _ _ -_ _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - — _ -_ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - — _-_-__-_-_ _-_-_- -_-_-_ _ -_ -_ - - _- _- - _- _- _ _-_-_- -_-_- -_-_-_ _-_-_- _ _ - _- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - — _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-_-_ _-_-_ _-_-_- -_-_- -_-_-_ _-_-_ _-_-_- -_-_----------— _ -----— _ —-- _ —----— __ —------ ____ —------------— _ —- __ —--------— _ —-- _ —----— _ —-- ----- -------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ____- _- _-_ -__ _________-__- ___________- ___- __________ ______________-___________ _____________ ________-__-_______-_-_-__-_-____-_-_ —_-_-____-__ —_-______-_- _ _____________ _ _ _____-____ _____________ ____________

RAINDROP-SIZE DISTRIBUTION DATA FOR 8- 1-1961 NOTE. NUMBER OF DROPS GIVEN IN NUMBER PER CUBIC METER PER MM STARTING AT 0.6 MM AND IN 0.2 MM CLASSES STARTING TIME 1430.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 21.589 22.997 15.074 -.000.000 -.000.000 7.673 Z =.10264E 03 MM6M-3 M =.97282E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO - 1.924MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.192 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.19627E-02 08 PER KM G.75 STARTING TIME 1431.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 15.597 15.897.000 5.658 6.316__ 6.888 -.000 ---------—.000 9.681 ----- Z =.25650E 03 MM6M-3 M =.17793E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 2.118MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.392 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.45376E-02 DB PER KM 6 =.795 STARTING TIME 1432.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 4.351 4.671 9.536 8.930.000 -.000.000 6.886 9.117 3.t82 3.291 16.321 --- --- — _______ ____________ Z =.22232E 04 MM6M-3 M =.67948E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 2.709MM PRECIP INTENSITY - 1.797 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.38647E-01 D08 PER KM G -.861 STARTING TIME 1433.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 ---- NUMBER OF DROPS ___________ —74.469 79.589 56.228 49.781 41.734 57.060 11.192 27.797 66.320 18.564 10.576 8.769 7.098 7.825,599 Z =.73444E 04 MM6M-3 M =.27727E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER OZERO = 2.169MM PRECIP INTENSITY: 6. 80 MM PER HOUR ATTNUAT!_L._ __ _699_Q____=_ - KM______1,]5 ---------------------- STARTING TIME 1434.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS ______________ __________________ 283.801 303.916 381.636 348.957 278.985?26.132 215.095 59.801 78.623 67.486 43.658 25.320 32.706 __-_-___________ Z =.17979E 05 MM6M-3 M =.90085E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.932MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 20,645 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.32490E 00 DB PER KM G = 1.449 STARTING TIME 1435.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 _ —------------------------------------ NUMBER OF DROPS 473.868 505.870 611.934 453.912 257.161 257.017 169.696 90.779 90.715 99.202 80.782 53.033 5.214........ Z:.20701E 05 MM6M-3 M: 10780E 01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.988MM

PRECIP INTENSITY = 24.566 MM PER HOUR _ AITENUATION =.36592E 00 DB PER KM G = 1.279 ___ ____ _ _ STARTING TIME 1436.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS - - N U M B E R O F D R O P S_ _ _ _- — _- - — _- - - — _-_- -_-_- - — _- - - - — _- — _- - - - - - - - - - - — _-_- - - - - - - - - - - - - — _- - — _ _-_ _- -_ _-_ _- -_ _-_ _- -_ _-_ _- -_ _-_ _- -_- -_ _- -_- -_ _- -_- -_ _- -_- -_ _- -_- -_ _- -_- -_ _-_ _- -_ _-_ _- -_ _-_ _- -_ _-_ _- -_ _-_ _- -_- -_ _- -_- -_ _- -_ —_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1253.913 1342.534 1017.590 841.967 530.809 331.229 295.249 96.644 157.334 67.182 51.159 82.837 42.368 Z =.29402E 05 MM6M-3 M =.15922E 01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.779MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 35.07C MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.53954E 00 DB PER KM G = 1.718 —------------------- ----- STARTING TIME 1437.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2067.028 2204.179 1573.282 1009.941 634.317 718.774 374.790 297.564 375.133 173.524 ____124.755_ 93.270 45.689 1__ _ 79. __1-162 — --- ---- -------- ------- ------- ----- --- ------- ------- Z =.52141E 05 MM6M-3 M =.27915E 01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.955MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 62.534 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.94867F CO DB PER KM G = 1.308 STARTING TIME 1438.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 _____ _ __._______________________ NUMBER OF DROPS 2242.441 2390.143 1868.263 1307.993 1146.892 1064.795 992.122 412.937 462.876 223.510 102.046 107.059 32.808 45.737 1.711 1......________________ — Z =.69431E 05 MM6M-3 M =.38797E 01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.790MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 86.45C MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.12856E 01 DB PER KM G = 1.635 ______________ STARTING TIME 1439.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 36 _- S T AR TlNG TlME 1 4 3 9.00 _ L ENGT H COF _S AMPLE 3__ 6 ---------------------------------------------------------— _ -___________________________________ —— _ —_ —--------- NUMB ER OF DROPS -- - - - -- - - - -- - - - -- - - - -- - - - -- - - - - -- - - - -- - - - -- - - - -- - - - -- - --- 2471.819 2635.932 1684.076 1292.620 1153.502 724.146 312.677 253.271 97.712 45.256 9.467 Z =.15336E 05 MP6M-3 M =.18446E 01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.395MM __PRECIP INTENSITY = 35.153 MM PER HOUR -—.ATTENUATION =.30833E 00 DB8 PER KM G = 1.604 ________________ - - ------------------------ - --- - - - - - -- -- -- -- -- --- - - -- -- -- - -- - - -- - - -- -- - -- - -- -- -- -- -- -- -------------------------------------------- STARTING TIME 1440.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 20 NUMBER OF DROPS 2582.213 1967.774 1438.369 1452.603 816.239 508.1B1 378.167 201.854 103.943 23.994 Z =.12647E 05 MM6M-3 M =.15806E 01 GM PER CUBIC METER OZERO = 1.391MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 29.939 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.25550E 00 0B PER KM G = 1.557 STARTING TIME 1441.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 2854,733 1583.185 704.196 404.148 291.535 152.375 111.651 R3.056 20.777 29-1n0 7.520 3.155 Z =.56398E 04 MMbM-3 M =.67049E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.346MM -------------- - --------- PRECIP INTENSITY = 12.156 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.11491E 00 Db PER KM G = 1.804

STARTING TIME 1442.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 2683.165 8012.823 361.239 263.782 233.633 147.3281 102.443 69.514 13.259 43.257 32.641 11.347 18.157 Z =.12483E 05 MM6M-3 M =.75622E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.793MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 16.026 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION -.22961E 00 DB PER KM G = 1.500 STARTING TIME 1443.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 3083.225 1035.094 437.296 394.919 315.870 238.166 166.041 137.133 123.675 57.05 _ 42.296 77.5C2 24.470 Z -.23202E 05 MM6M-3 M =.11974E 0lGM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.954MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 26.538 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.42134E 00 DB PER KM G = 1.360 STARTING TIME 1444.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 2958.467 724.724 363.741 238.386 195.765 193.434 168.230 131.618 140.171 48.802 27.992 42.833 34.604 6.322 Z =.21358E 05 MM6M-3 M =.10357E 01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.981MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 23.281 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.39332E 00 DB PER KM G = 1.390 STARTING TIME 1445.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 1447.966 499.426 242.129 201.966 166.370 133.209 65.316 35.982 33.134 18.603 13.747 2.367 Z =.43509E 04 MM6M-3 M =.39103E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.546MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 7.681 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.B2374E-01 D08 PER KM G = 1.577 STARTING TIME 1446.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 2197.871 555.525 275.188 166.752 164.138 97.729 36.641 -- 47.179 ___ 43t53_ -.....-36. - 1!__ 26.911 12.579 16.341 Z =.92820E 04 MM6M-3 M =. 51519E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO 1.920MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 10.963 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.17160E 00 D8 PER KM G = 1.331 STARTING TIME 1447.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 1426.478 358.,890 206,560 149.109 1762361 104-770 61h277 4 -q25 14] 4.nQ _A 3.889 8.324 Z =.31889E 04 MM6M-3 M =.30311E 00 GM PER CU3BtCMEERJDQRD 1.31{-lM —.E_ PRECIP INTENSITY = 5.816 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.61985E-O1 DB PER KM G = 1.527 -_ —_______________

STARTING TIME 1448.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 1208.528 229.265 176.782 201.165 150.732 69.424 40.941 12.495 24.056 9.439 4.093 Z =.22363E 04 MM6M-3 M =.25113E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.372MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 4.698 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.44427E-O1 DB PER KM G = 1.807 STARTING TIME 1449.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 603.314 104.722 95.121 96.588 64.879 46.636 24.803 9.573 Z =.63326E 03 MM6M-3 M =.10851E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.341MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.897 MM PER HOUR -— ATTENUATION =.14_-8BE-OI DOH P-R KM G 1.- 6 1 8___ ___ ___ __..~~~~~~~~~~~~6 STARTING TIME 1450.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE __30 ________________________________________ —_ — NUMBER OF DROPS —-------------------------------------------------------------- 57.000 94.250 40.103 4.411 24.316 13.022 Z =.96441E 02 MM6M-3 M =.23913E-O1 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.309MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.389 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.26058E-02 OB PER KM G=.942 STARTING TIME 1451.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS c _129.588 _ 87.345 43.118 18.476 12.609 3.219 Z =.55235E 02 MM6M-3 M =.20477E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO =.958MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.298 MM PER HOUR _ ATTENUATION =.18842E-02 DB PER KM G = 1.606 ----------------------- _TA RTl yG TIME__ 1452.0 O -Q L LENGTH OF SAMPj.. 6Q —-— k_ — -----------------— ______________________ —--- ANUMBER OF DROPS _ __ 21.761 47.619 12.353 Z -.51702E 01 MM6M-3 M =.43390E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO =.766MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.053 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION a.32093E-03 B08 PER KM G - 1.390 STARTING TIME 1453.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 140.946 67.981 23.882 23.826 17. 121 6.. 41-Q.. 1.._8' __.6 3.519 -.000.000 3.336 5.049 Z =.42311E 04 MM6M-3 M =.15993E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER - __ DZERO = 1.968LMM —------------------------ PRECIP INTENSITY = 3.832 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION 5.84095E-01 08DB PER KM G = 1.817 STARTING TIME 1454.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60

NUMBER OF DRO-P-g ——.......................... —----------------------------------------------- 92.394 31.718 17.061 22.691 24.290 10.660 15.006 9.189.000 3.762 4.093 Z =.70820E 03 MM6M-3 M =.51077E-O1 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.747MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.085 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.12710E-01 7B PER KM G 1.362 STARTING TIME 1455.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 112.976 57.804 32.330 21.349 31.092 21.189 50.116 6.800 7.357 Z =.73601E 03 MM6M-3 M =.75434E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER OZERO = 1.722MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.532 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.13620E-01 DB PER KM G = 1.000 STARTING TIME 1456.00 LENGTH OF AMPL_ 60 ___NUMBER OF DROPS 61.257 75.337 30.663 28.847 21.806 35.917 50.602 20.969 Z =.79385E 03 MM6M-3 M =.83998E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.721MM PRECIP INTENSITY 1.712 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.14832E-01 DB PER KM G =.971 STARTING TIME 1457.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 141.054 47.992 30.455 57.306 67.324 22.769 4.772 ___________ Z =.25439E 03 MM6M-3 M =.51349E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.333MM 0 PRECIP INTENSITY =.901 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.612Z70E-02 DB PER KM G = 1.096 STARTING TIME 1458.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 ------------------------------- ------------------- NUMBER OF DROPS 91.200 55.549 66.878 87.027 29.972 3.219 Z =.12505E 03 MM6M-3 M =.37786E-01 GM PER _UBJC METER _ ZERO =1.143MM ------------------------- PRECIP INTENSITY =.606 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.37471E-02 DB PER KM G = 1.159 STARTING TIME 1459.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 107.528 64.645 62.725 38.311 4.377 Z =.46408E 02 MM6M-3 M =.20657E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO =.967MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.297 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.17818E-02 0B PER KM G = 1.299 STARTING TIME 1500.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 79.871 52.093 22.719 4.435 Z =.10681E 02 MM6M-3 M =.77877E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER OZERO =.775MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.097 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.58992E-03 DB PER KM G = 1.544 _ ___ ___ ___ _ _________ _____________ ________________ __ __ _ ___ _ _ ____ _ __-_ ___- _ _ _ _ _ ___________-___ -___ - _ _ ____ -____- _ _ -

STARTING TIME 1521.OC LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER — - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - -- -- - - - - -- - - - — OF- - - - -- - - - - -- - - - — DROPS- -- - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - 40.163 32.866 26.082 31.427 15.122 3.973 4.394 3.039 =.13098E 03 MM6M-3 M =.22368E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.302MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.391 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION.29528E-02 08 PER KM G = 1.3ab SATNGTIME 1522.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 ------------------------------ -------------------- NUMBER OF DROPS 12.850 11.570 24.883 42.517 16.270 12.182 9.624 13.822 11.766.237 Z a *61470E 03 MM6M-3 M =.52030E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER I OZbTDEROl- - 1.783MM ------------------------------ PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.104 MM PER HOUR AITENUATION =.11225e-0 08 PER KM G =.09L ~-~ — - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - — ~ — - - - - - --- --- - - -- -- -- - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - — ~- - - - - - - STARTING TIME 1523.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 33.301 29.077 46.550 - 49.912 27.666.12.*0 19 ---— 15-.8 17 ----— 14.685 2.091 _k L ---------------- 2 a.46592E 03 MM6M-3 M =. 53618E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER UZERO = 1.551MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.057 MM PER HOUR ATTENATIO- *122-0 08 PER KM G = 129 ~- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - STRIGTIME 1524.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 -- NUMBER-OF DROPS 35.266 30.082 37.442 13.984 11.662 3.580 13.106 9.193 2u.25414E 03 MM6M-3 M = 0244-tG E,CBCMTE ZR = ]Lt.11 — H --— 2.2i5Az~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1& ~ ~ ------------- -------— METER —-- O —---— ER —-— MM — PRECIP INTENSITY.574 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION a *49473E-02 08 PER KM G=.900 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - --- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - ---- - - - - - - - - - - - - STARTING TIME 1525.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 ~T6wv ---- ------------- --- ------------------------------------------------------— ~ —--- ~ 31.469 27.757 50.223 2 ~.7 21.573 17.549 —-41.789 -o29 425 ------- 2317 —----- Z.13041E 04 MM6M-3 M =. 10750E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO= 1.912MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 2.305 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION a.23687E-01 DS PER KM G z=.909 ~ —- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- -- - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - — ~- - - - - - STRIGTIME 1526.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 - NUMBER OF DROPS 107.311 89.390 97.010 67.488 52.573 46.372 48.984 53.465 19.103 10.o313 1 1 3 7214. 3- - - - -- - - -- - — 7- - - -- - - -- - - - -- - - -- - - -- - - — 0- - -- - - -- - - - -- - - -- - - - -- - - -- - - -- - - - -- - - -- - - - I =.30563E 04 MM6M-3 M =.20177E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER UZERO - 1.914MM __PRECIP INTENSITY = 4.455 MM PER HOUR ----- ATTENUATION n o54098E-01 08 PER KM 8-m — 1-.131 —------------------------ STRIGTIME 1527.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 ---------------------------------------------------- ------------ ------------

NUMBER OF DROPS -.....75.1-2 62.981 79.62- 46.832 79.624 49.386 2 6.52 4..66:6 9...98 5.47...2 0 ------ Z =.38589E 04 MM6M-3 M =.24508E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 2.104MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 5.569 MM PER HLAUR ATTENUATION =.67063E-C1 DUB PER KM G =.885 STARTING TIME 1528.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 57.881 47.961 56.601 62.223 86.846 78.354 69.546 65.467 29.961.394 Z =.24508E 04 MM6M-3 M =.21093E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.761MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 4.521 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.44399E-01 DB PER KM G: 1.114 STARTING TIME 1529.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 38.493 31.388 35.740 87.137 93.790 49.043 50.480 38.561 4.259 Z =.13005E 04 MM6M-3 M =.13793E 00 GM PER CUBIC HETER DZERO = 1.595MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 2.823 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.24663E-01 O6 PER KM G = 1.217 STARTING TIME 15.30 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 36.013 29.677 33.005 27.579 52.436 40.429 53.030 32.488 9.275..... 16.007 _ _ Z =.18383E 04 MM6M-3 M =.13638E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.777MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 3.002 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION -.32418E-O1 DB PER KM G = 1.258 r) STARTING TIME 1531.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 ------------- NUMBER OF DROPS ___ - _ I _ _ _ - --- 35.907 31.939 60.676 79.242 46.872 35.493 22.478 16.662 19.351.394 Z a.10712E 04 MM6M-3 M =.10175E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.593MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 2.097 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.20033E-01 DB PER KM G = 1.363 STARTING TIME 1532.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 79.550 64.829 57.149 99.991 90.281 64.563 ___48.575 - 3 1940 L —1f _._..9- IZ.j A —_...Z. ----- 10.555 7.742.415 Z =.30259E 04 MM6M-3 M =.19019E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.741MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 4.175 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.54430E-01 D8 PER KM G = 1.579 STARTING TIME 1533.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 54.355 50.323 113.239 112.107 87.477 54.767 10.IAR 14.499 5.377 Z =.12687E 04 MM6M-3 M =.13086E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER OZERO =-_-. —-- - _ _- - -------------- PRECIP INTENSITY = 2.603 M PER HOUR ATTENUAF ION =.24508E-01 Db PER KM G z 1.45 _____~~- -_________ —- _ -_ ----------- __________ __________ ________ _____ - --------- -- - - - -- _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ---

STARTING TIME 1534.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 28.818 26.514 63.892 71.248 85.232 51.506 49.075 29.830 9.675.237 Z =.13022E 04 MM6M-3 M =.13433E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.595MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 2.758 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.24546E-01 DB PER KM G = 1.251 STARTING TIME 1535.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 —--------------------------------------------- NUMBER UF OROPS 87.997 68.795 27.129 64.155 75.854 57.779 24.750 3.039 Z =.56353E 03 MM6M-3 M =.84371E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.501MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.597 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.11857E-01 DB PER KM G = 1.034 STARTING TIME 1536.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 83.421 69.340 71.900 80.361 63.141 38.336 16.026 3.039 Z =.43842E 03 MM6M-3 M =.74596E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.353MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.359 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.97696E-02 08DB PER KM G = 1.242 STARTING TIME 1537.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 68.793 58.680 73.273 63.570 39.799 25.357 12.928 2.840 7.506.237 \O Z =.50490E 03 MM6M-3 M =.65178E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.376MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.234 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION -.10313E-01 DB PER KM G= 1.556 STARTING TIME 1538.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 104.698 88.057 99.578 95.833 66.009 25.380 2.908 Z =.28709E 03 MM6M-3 M =.66489E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.191MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.131 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.74318E-02 D0 PER KM G = 1.339 STARTING TIME 1539.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 73.557 65.236 106.199 103.367 41.964 10.535 Z =.18562E 03 MM6M-3 M =.51565E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.151MM --------------------------- PRECIP INTENSITY =.846 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.53085E-02 DB PER KM G = 1.237 STARTING TIME 1540.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS

80.191 70.590 112.833 73.772 36.611 10.338 4.394 3.039 -42968E 03 MM6M-3 M == 5048.50MPERCUIC9ETR48E-O1 GM --- PER CUBIC METER —---------------— R —-----—. —— 0MMPRECIP INTENSITY=.859 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.58492E-02 08 PER KM G = 1.511 STARTING TIME 1541.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 134.830 111.788 98.987 25.534 3.157 Z.46919E 02 MM16M-3 M =.24937E-O1 GM PER CUBIC METER OZERO=.933MM PRECIP INTENSITY -----—.342 MM PER HOUR ATENUATION =.20459E-02 08 PER KM G 1.213 STARTING TIME 1542.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 123.699 100.017 64.815 - 34.353 20.415 - 6.291 ------------ ----------------------- I=. 91731E 02 MM6M-3 M =. 29729E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DLERO =.999MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.454 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.28784E-02 DB PER KM G = 1.622 STARTING TIME 1543.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 150.927 124.686 110.605 58.491 31.280 39.084 31.915 13.271 23.914 7.834 5.464 9.465 8.588 5.058 ------------------------ Z =.50600E 04 MM6M-L3 M =.20009E 00 GM PER CBCMTRZERO 2.143MM PRECIP INTENSITY= 4.716 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION.95864E-01 DB PER KM G = -1.346 --- --------------------- STARTING TIME 1544.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 --------------------------------------------------- NUMBER OF DROPS -— _-_ —-------- 265.318 2 17.35 176.352 15.4 70.185.Vi 55.369- ------ 4591 41 —-— W.510 24.924- --— 13.011 16.724 2.040 Z =.35819E 04 MM6M-3 M =.25680E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO 1.759MM PRECIP INTENSITY 5.430 MM PER HOUR ATTENUAIION =.64828E-01 D8 PER KM G = 1.342 --------------------- STARTING TIME 1545.00 LENGTHj OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS — - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 307.178 251.494 199.011 115.028 104.603 74.400 54.821 53.487 12.011 9.963 11.147 9.783.415 — - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1=.393441E 04 MM6M-3 M 27434 00 GMPRCBI EEZERO 1.739MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 5.796 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION.72065E-01 08 PER KM G= 1.427 STARTING-TIME 1546.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 -------------------------------------------------- NUMBERJ OF DROPS 348.946 286.222 226.698 136.337 72.247 49.701 52.627 61.415 36.774 7.758 22.102 2.040 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - T =.'42572E 04 MM-A6'M-3 M =.2 243E DO GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO= 1.903MM

PRECIP INTENSITY = 6.287 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.76543E-01 DB PER KM G = 1.0971 STARTING TIME 1547.0C LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 —---------------------- NUMBER OF DROPS 250.538 207.C15 183.333 140.158 122.134 53.414 29.759 31.544 13.934.237 Z =.14279E 04 MV6M-3 M =.17981E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.3&1MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 3.413 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.29029E-01 DB PER KM G = 1.577 STARTING TIME 1548.0C LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 213.565 176.443 154.682 86.433 78.993 40.440 8.724 -------------— _ —--------- Z =.4C779E 03 MM6M-3 M =.915C3E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.198MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.543 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION.10378E-QL1 B_ PER KM G = 3__59______ ____________________ STARTING TIME 1549.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS __172.290 142.848 138.368 110.841 47.303 20.958 14.528 6.154 Z =.42211E 03 MH6M-3 M =.82713E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.176MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.421 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.10090E-01 OB PER KM G = 1.642': STARTING TIME 1550.0C LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS - 182.389 154.228 171.509 100.483 44.631 34.119 18.737 8.531 2.09 — ---------------- Z =.56987E 03 MM6M-3 M =.96919E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER OZERO = 1.20OMM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.710 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.12851E-01 OB PER KM G = 1.784 ----------------------- STARTING TIME 1551.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60- - ---------------------------------------------- - NUMBER OF DROPS _______________________________________ —------- 197.528 167.446 187.928 126.450 44.322 28.071 11.632 =.36378E 03 MM6M-3 M =.87888E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER OZERO = 1.147MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.451 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.95977E-02 DB PER KM G = 1.435 STARTING f TIME 1552.C00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 135.765 0 120.404 194.008 109.335 _41.577 14.722 _ _7.302 __3.039 —--------------------- Z =.31226E 03 MM6M-3 M =.74895E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER OZERO = 1.138MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.237 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.82619E-02 UB PER KM G = 1.480 ---------------------- STARTING TIME 1553.00 LENGTH -F,-AMPLE____Q- - - --- - - - - -...___ _ _ ______________

NUMBER OF DROPS 117.797 96.676 74.914 40.528 36.598 12.583 Z =.14269E 03 MM6M-3 M =.38940E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.152MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.6217 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.40502E-02 D8 PER KM G = 1.257 COEF = 349.146091, SL = 1.273807, STER =.305499, RPOS:- -.804543 RNEG = -.579825, STERA =.364209 COEFM =.055347, SLM =.929936, COEFD = 1.379206, SLO.100694 ~__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - — _-_- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __-_- _ _ _- - _- _- _ -_ - _ _ _ -_ _ _ _- _ _ -_ - -_-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - 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RAINDROP-SIZE DISTRIBUTION DAfA FOR 7-31-1961 NOTE. NUMBER OF DROPS GIVEN IN NUMBER PER CUBIC METER PER MM STARTING AT 0.6 MM AND IN 0.2 MM CLASSES STARTING TIME 1054.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 3.775.OCO.000 -.000.000 6.913 14.913 Z =.12468E 03 MR6M-3 M =.12158E-O1 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO 1.733MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.261 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.21818E-02 DB PER KM G = 1.031 STARTING TIME 1055.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS.000.000.000 6.460 -.000.000._-.Q6 7_ Z =.54580E 02 MM6M-3 M =.57228E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO 1.737MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.119 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.96995E-03 DR PER KM G =.953 STARTING TIME 1056.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS -.000 -.000 -.000.000 7.175 Z =.10805E 02 MM6M-3 M =.20617E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER OZERO 1.350MM- - PRECIP INTENSITY =.038 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.25302E-03 DB PER KM G = 1.115 — 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ STARTING TIME 1057.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 12.066 18.466 24.867 12.951 -.000.000 7.257 7.597 _ _ __ ______ Z =.16040E 03 MM6M-3 M =.17008E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.752MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.337 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.30626E-02 DB PER KM G =.919 STARTING TIME 1058.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 _________________________________________________ NUMBER OF DROPS 302.468 206.462 110.456 67.425 41.261 5.654 21.261 10.024.000 -.000.000 -.000.000 7.660 7.968 16.774 —.G000.000 ---— __9_0-___ —— __ Z =.21761E 05 MM6M-3 M =.28850E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 3.510MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 7.881 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.38279E 00 UB PER KM G =.914 S TART ING TIME 1059.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60- - NUMBER OF DROPS____________________________________________________ 2-18.426 18 —----— 8-0.024 ------ 45.615 51.907 47.149 19.366 27.964 13.662 13.050.000 6.939 14.852.000 7.863 8.179 7.901.000 -.000.000 -146 Z =.23637E 05 MM6M-3 M =.32144E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 3.175MM __ PRECIP INTENSITY = 8.775 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.34945E 00 DB PER KM_ G__= L.204 ----------------------

STARTING TIME 110C.O0 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF UROPS 1343.744 902.116 569.294 400.188 228.184 254.575 174.804 i43.965 79.131 74.607 28.507 29. 7 28 5.467 31.615 24.118 7.282 52.207 -.000.000 9.146 Z =.76635E 05.Mt!6M-3 M =.15703E 01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 2.378MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 39.733 MM PFR HOUR AITENUAtION =.13878E 01 0b PIER KM 6 = 1.906 STARTING TIME 1101.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 2090.690 1956.282 1233.036 718.486 488.691 324.676 179.269 164.250 92.414 56.114 33.899 68.829 54.723 39.719 15.C12 15.608 34.218 25.975.000 ----— 8.9 9.255 z =.11925E 06 MM6M-3._______ -_ 169E___ GM__ PER - _ _-B6_IiMETE-R__...U____Z___-ER-__ —— 55__ _ _ _ _ ____.__.__ PRECIP INTENSITY = 57.734 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.19596E 01 U0 PER KM G = 1.611 STARTING TIME 1102.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 1460.822 1979.255 1192.005 890.293 358.495 353.699 J148.349 09. 116384 9.34 109.910 56.028 100.914 79.193 64.841 22.930 59.839 34.704 8.228 27.235 9.255 — Z-=.21716E 06 MM6M-3 M =.34616E 01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 2.964MM PRECIP INTENSIrY - 92.290 MM PER HOUR ATTFNUATION =.35760E 01 DL PER KM G -: 1.261 —------------------------ STARTING TIME 1103.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS - --------- -------------------- 854.801 1104.417 688.390 506.578 266.001 316.861 86.738 82.996 47.119 57.339 10.472 44.400 20.758 21.622 66.333 33.379 34.036.000 8.636 8.942 9.255 Z =.11500E 06 MM6M-3 M =.18397E 01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 3.137MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 48.486 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.19360E 01 OB PER KM, = 1.061 STARTING TIME 1104.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 311.094 317.494 215.088 208.339 196.743 86.013 82.481 86.345 82.438 -29- _500 22.574 15.171 7.306 33.125 -.000.000 8.801 Z =.21770E 05 MM6M-3 M =.69636E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 2.152MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 16.898 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.42281E 00 DB PER KM G = 1.643 STARLING TIME 1105.u0c LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 174.027 174. 027 46.019 74,2 6 _,999.9.99 --— Q.41____ 21. 424___4 --— _1._.62Z1 - _. —--—. -. — -51_- i_ — _._.6L-5...... 8.026

Z =.14838E 04 MM6M-3 M =.11149E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER OLER0 = 1.728MM PRECIP INTENSITY-=- 2.307 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.27019E-01 08 PER KM G = 1.35U STARTING TIME 1106.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 87.863 87.863 11.058 26.065.000 6.409 6.717 7.032 6.958.000 16. 052 Z =. 13299E -04 MtV6M-3 —----- M =.62619E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER UZERO= 2.177MM ---------------------------- PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.450 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.22882E-01 08 PER KM G = 1.077 STARTING TIME 1107.OC LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 74.648 81.049 55.447 19.395 20.382 — 6.332 ----- ~ 1-.9jl. I — 5 — -------— 95 —------------ Z =.42351E 03 MM6M-3 M =.50071E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.708MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.965 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.83009E-02 08 PER KM G =.888 STARTING TIME 1108.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 127.898 76.695 51.093 43.574 45.791 63.126 50.826 45.005 -.000.000 8.026 — PRECIP -INTENSITY = — 3.043 MM -PER HOUR —--- ATTENUATION =.31671E-01 08 -PER KM — G= -- 1.207 —----------------------- STARTING TIME 1109.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 —------------- NUMBER OF DROPS______ 206.995 3650 130.190 233 4068 1.72.29 21.70 21.59 —.000-.000 7.379.000 8.226 8.557 L =.62070E 04 MM6M-3 M =.18546E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER OZERO 2.149MM PRECIP INTENSITY= 4.475 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =. 12963E 00 08 PER KM G= 1.766 —---------------------- STARTING TIME 1110.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 235.892 1 84.8 6.8 64. 499 45.585 70.441 12.488 13.073 5.733 14.085 - 22.946 15.558 7.710 8.031 PR 8.354 8.685 -----— ER —-------------— 2 —-— 59 —----— MM —-- PRECIP INTENSITY = 8.407 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.27152E 00 08 PER KM G = 1.228 STARTING TIME 1111.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 —--------------------------- -------------------- NLJMRFR flF DRO]PSc 100.040 80.839 61.638 33.723 26.591 -.000.000 6.454.000 15.376.000 8.161 ------------------------------------------------------------------ Z =. 15345E 04 MMj6M-3 M =. 73221E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO 2.320MM

PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.646 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.27445E-01 DB PER KM G =.879 STARTING TIME 1112.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 50.710 37.909 5.907 5.192 -.000.000 -.00.000 -.000.000 15.489 Z =.35797E 03 MM6M-3 M =.22009E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 2.136MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.488 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.62269E-02 OD PER KM G =.874 STARTING TIME 1113.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 42.544 29.743 23.343 19.279 20.260 13.735 5.957.000 7.154 15.570 8.026 Z =.13885E 04 MM6M-3 M =.69131E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 2.312MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.620 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.23759E-01 DB PER KM G.851 STARTING TIME 1114.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 6.224 6.224 5.696.000 -.000.000 7.456 Z =.52246E 02 MM6M-3 M =.56249E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.738MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.114 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.93711E-03 08 PER KM G.926 0 0 STARTING TIME 1115.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60.000.000 12.374 14.081 Z =.10884E 02 MM6M-3 M =.38438E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO: 1.125MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.061 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.35821E-03 DO PER KM G = 1.042 STARTING TIME 1117.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS.000 12.801 Z =.67113E 00 MM6M-3 M =.68634E-03 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO =.750MM _PRECIP INTENSTY -.08 MM _ R ATT N 44-Q4 PER M _____ —---------------------------- STARTING TIME 1118.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 2.419 15.220 2.419 46.452 63.612 6.522 22.170 7.597 Z =.39478E 03 MM6M-3 M =.50511E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER OZERO = 1.386MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.997 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.78314E-02 DB PER KM G = 1.537 -IARTING TIME 1119.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60

NUMBER OF DROPS 1.540 71.944 103.946 191.11 141.650 6t.841 Z =.57295E 03 MM6M-3 M =.11831E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER ULORO = 1.324t1,M PRECIP INTENSITY 2.113 MM PER HOUR AlTENUAaION =.14023E-01 Ub PLR KM G = L.0V2 SrARTIN6 TIME 1120.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DroPs 12.806 143.210 2A8.418 243.079 85.278 29.263 Z =.43165E 03 M~16M-3 M =.11743E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER UZERO 1.151.MM PRECIP INTENSIFY = 1.944 VM PER HCUR AITENUATION z.12208E-01 UB PER KM 0 = 1.263 STARTING TlIME 1121.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER cF DROPS 30.935 216.547 184.m45 35.202 Z =.69514E 02 MV6M-3 M =.38006E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER UZERO.935MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.530 MM PER HOUR AITENUATION -.31050E-02 Ub PER KM b = _.14 STARTING TIME 1122.0C LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS -............................................. 64.004 198.413 89.606 1-L =.28921F 02 MY6M-3 M =.21469E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DLERO = -787MM H PRECIP IN TENSITY =.274 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.1630YE-02 Db PER KM 0 = 1.445 0 F —' STARTING TIME 1123.0C LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 63.791 76,.92 12,581 7,040 Z =.11333E 02 MPK6M-3 M =.81417E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO =.764MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.102 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.61,)01E-03 D0 PER KM 0 =- -. - - - - STARTING TIME 1132.GC LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 32.002 64.004 19.201 Z =.74945E 01 MR6M-3 M -.61663E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER -LERO=.169MM, PRECIP INTENSITY =.016 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.45712E-03 Db PER KM 6 1.401 SrARTING TIME 1333.UC LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF: }ROPS 44.803 7 6. 8c5 6.z, qc L =.57249E 01 MV6M-3 M =.56017E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER DLERU =.746MM PRECIP INTENSIFY - =.u67 MM PFR HLUU ATTENUATION =.41390E-03 Ob PER KM 0 = 1.245................ - - - - - - - - - - - -.- - -..- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

-STARTING TIME 1135.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS -----— 5.0787 - --— 5.If - - ---- -U f ----— fK 9 - - - -- - 5.113.000 —------- - -- -- ---- -- ---- -- - --- --— 6 —------ ---— 1- --— 5Z =. 19412E 02 MM6M-3 M*=.49794E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER OZERO 1.183MM PRECIPtf IN TE N SI T Y.085 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.52801E-03 UB PER KM G I 1. 233 —------------------------ STARTING TIME 1136.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS.000 6.400 6.400 Z =. 16156E 01 MM6M-3 M =.10134E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO.924MM PRECIP INTENSITY=.014 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.80166E-04 DB PER KM G 1.057 ----------------------- STARTING TIME 1131.00 LNT FSML 60 NUMBER OF DROPS -- - - ----- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 19.201 6.400 6.400 1=.17948E 01 MM6M-3 M =.14477E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO.784MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.1 MPRHU TEUTO.10735E-03 O PER KM G 1.345 STARTING TIME 1138.00 LNT FSML 6-0 NUMBER OF DROPS 6.400 25.602 12.801 0 Z =.39622E 01 MM6M-3 H.28579E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER OZERO.794MM4 PRECIP INTENSITY.037 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.21854E-03 Do PER KM G= 1.453 ------- -------------- -STARTING TIME 1140.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS — - - - -- --- - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 6.187 18.1500 704 Z=. 52466E 01 MM6M-3 M =.24206E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO,= 1,105MM —---------------- PRECIP INTENSITY.034 MM PER HOUR'ATTENUATION =.206;20E-03 08 P1ER KM & ~=.4 STARTING TIME 1147.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER — - - - - -- - - -- - -- - OF — - - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - — DROPS- -- - - -- - - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - 113.953 184.358 81.951 34.989 7.175 Z =. 58819E 02 MM6M-3 M =.29437E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER OZER0.926MM, PRECIP INTENSITY=.408 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.24570E-02 08 PER KM G = —.31A6 —----------------------- STARTING TIME 1148.00 LFNGTH nF SAMPLF 60 -NUMBER OF DROPS 70.191 1 21.394 76.92 7.04

Z =.26542E 02 MM6M-3 M =.17391E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER OZERO =.907MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.228 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.13561E-02 DB PER KM G = 1.069 STARTING TIME 1149.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 57.177 82.779 63.577 14.081 Z =.25998E C2 MM6M-3 M =.14937E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO =.926MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.203 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.12017E-O__ 0B eR__ K.M 1_1,47 ---- STARTING TIME 1150.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 57.390 121.394 25.388 7.040 Z.16182E 02 MM6M-3 M.=..J7_4_. -_jifPRUBC E - ER Q-..1Q1IZ-,_._~_7_~~_9_E __1~_6~1 82-r3 _M -_,21174QEQ1.0_2_~MGN_ CqEUBIC METER _- - _ -— E —- -- %1QM____10 --------------------- PRECIP INTENSITY =.148 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.89320E-03 DB PER KM G = 1.579 STARTING TIME 1151.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 25.388 89.179.000 7.040 Z =.91170E 01 MM6M-3 M =.66298E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO =.757MM __PRECIP INTENSITY =.083 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.50369E-03 08 PER KM G = __1 -658__ ___________________________ 0 STARTING TIME 1152.,00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 19.201 6.400 12.801 Z =.30749E 01 MM6M-3 M =.21180E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER _ ZERO =.921MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.027 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.16295E-03 DB PER KM G =.973 STARTING TIME 1153.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 31.789 57.390 25.388 7.040, Z =.12588E 02 MM6M-3 M =.77288E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER OZERO =.903MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.102 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION —.61123E-03 0B PER KM -=_i_160 STARTING TIME 1154.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE O60 19.201 44.803 12.801 Z =.50883E 01 MM6M-3 M =.41770E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER ZER O =.769MM --- PRECIP INTENSITY =.052 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.31038E-03 08 PER KM G = 1.403 STARTING TIME 1155.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60

5.547 18.348 5.547 28.162 Z =.18941E 02 MMv6M-3 M =.67861E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO= 1.133MM. __PRECIP INTENSITY =.106 MM PER HOUR —---- ATTENUATION =.62793E-03 UB PER KM G = 1.00.4 —------------------------- STARTING TIME 1156.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 60 NUMBER OF DROPS 6.400 6.400 =. 39529E 00 MM6M-3 M =.48794E-03 GM PER CUBIC METER UZERO.729MM PRECIP INTENSITY..005 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.33634E-04: B PER KM G = 1.095 COEF = 461.2260939 SL = 1.408212, STER =.432053, RPOS = 1.037460 RNEG = -.489504, STERA =.416535 COEFM =.0531499 SLM =.901271, COEFD = 1.555171, SLD =.163368 ----------------------— " —----— "-' "'^ —-- - ------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------- ----------- 0 -— ~- -- ~ —-------------------— ~ —------------------------------------------- ~-~ --------------------— ~ —---- - - " " " " ------ - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - -------—'

RAINDROP-SIZE DISTRIBUTION DATA FOR 7-31-1961 NOTE. NUMBER OF DROP5 GIVEN IN NUMBER PER CUBIC METER eER_ MM STARTING A'T 0.6 MM AND IN 0.2 MM CLASSES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - STARTING TIME 1235.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 -------------- NUMBER OF DROPS 188.883 214.485 173.522 130.450 60.141 31.497 11.542 8.961 3.018 3.154 Z =.70407E 03 MM6M-3 M =.11083E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER ---— OZERO = 1.191MM ---------------------------- PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.961 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.15615E-01 0b PER KM G = 1.969 ~-~ —— ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~________,,,,,,,,,, — - STARTING TIME 1240.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 ~- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --------------- ------ - - --------- - - --- --- ------------------------------ ------------------------------- ------------------------------ NUMBER O3F DROPS I II - 147.750 221.995 172.072 ftQ.731 46OZ.8948P.51 Z.40771E 03 MM6M-3 M.81518E-O1 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO 1.151MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.'368 MM PER HOUR ATTENIUATION =.99896E-02 08 PER KM Ga = 1.716 ~IME 1245.0 LENGTH ~FSAMPLE 300 --------— ~ — - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - NUMBER OF DROPS 90.729 125.291 143.212 68.284 36.245 22.982 8.752 5.999.000 1.577 Z.40514E 03 M4M6M-3- M =.69050E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.187MM PRECIP INTENSITY= 1.210 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION=.92317E-02 08 PER KM G 1.837 STARTING TIME 1250.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 NUMBER FDROPS 84.638 135.842 114.080 106.509 79.374A. 57i7Q9 16.013 -— 10.518 --------- i.90 —---- 15Ll2 —------ z=.78068E 03 MM6M-3 M =. 11226E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO 1.369MM PRECIP INTENS-ITY-=- 2.091 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.16555E-01 08 PER KM G = 1.419 ~ —— ~ — -- --- ---- ~-~ —------ ~ -- - -— ~ -~ —-------------------------------------------- STARTING TIME 1255.00.. LEN GTH OF j~MPLE -j___2 300 ------------------------------------------------------- NUMBER OF DROPS 100.081 155.124 147.444 110.971 55.949 28.602 11.575 10.556 3.098 _Z =.56916E 03 MM46M-3 M =-.9381AE-.0L G PERCUB II4_AE'[ ---- OZERO _= — 1.305-MM ----------------------------- PRECIP INTENSITY 1.674 MM PER-H-OUR ATTENUATION =.12754E-01 08 PER KM G 1.429 STARTING TIME 1300.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 107.055 112.176 101.935 89.775 -46.992 40.287 10.021 -— 7.368 -------- fp.ZA2A —--—.1.605 Z=.81869E 03 MM6M-3- =.91967E-01 GM PFR CUBIC MFTFR 07FRUI 1-179MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.755 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.16329E-01 08 PER KM G = 1.779

STARTING TIME 1305.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 NUMBER OF DROPS 102.177 89.317 117.538 68.202 25.8-00 30.093 16.205 7.597 Z =.41718E 03 MM6M-3 M =.68336E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER OZERO = 1.333MM PRECI ITESITY = 1.228 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.92179E-02 08 PER KM G 1.351 - - - -- - - - -- - - - -- - ------ - - - - - - - - c — - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - STARTING TIME 131C.O0 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 NUMBER OF DROPS 56.552 110.316 96.235 77.463 63.647 26.139 5.887.000 1.549 Z =.33054E 03 MM6M-3 M =.66112E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.310MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.152 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.79890E-02 DB PER KM G = 1.165 STARTING TIME 1315.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 NUMBER OF DROPS 50.000 119.125 98.643 48.157 29.891 7.275 1.491 =. 13477E 03 MM6M-3 M =. 39183E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.120MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.624 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.39586E-02 08 PER KM G = 1.282 STARTING TIME 1320.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 NUMBER OF DROPS I- 77 115.004 120.124 IC2.203 36.184 14.350 o =.71030E 02 MM6M-3 M = 30416 GME-01 GM PER CUBIC METER OZERO.958MM- - PRECIP INTENSITY.440 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.26621E-02 DB PER KM G = 1.392 STARTIN4G-TM 32 0LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 ______ ------------------ --------------------- NUMBER OF DROPS 113.850 94.648 52.406 34.871 8.530 1.423 1.491 Z =. 65096E 02 MM6M-3___ M =.232E0 MPE UI EE O —-ZERO =.974MM —---------------------------- PRECIP INTENSITY.346 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.21685E-02 08 PER KM G 1.575 STARTING TIME 1330.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 77.607 114.730 72.481 51.896 32.340 12.859 5.809 2.959 -3. 09L ---- ---- -- Z =.29172E 03 MM6M-3 M =.49178E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO= 1.197MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.862 MM PER HOUR - ATTENUATION =.6121E-02 D8 PER KM G = 1.812 STARTING TIME 1335.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE ----------------— 00 —------------------------------- N[JMRER OF DO~dPS 127.469 150.510 106.988 50.369 32.216 18.753 4.320 4.443 -.000.000 1.605 --- T.35742E 03 KA6-3-:s —----- M — =.-5-7-8-8-7E- 1O-l - G-M — P-E-R — C-UBI-f C — M-E- T-ER ------— D Z-E- RO ---— I 7-4 M-M —------------ ------------------

PRECIP INTENSITY.997 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.81185E-02 08 PER KM G 1.996 --------- STARTING TIME 1340.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 ---- ----------------------------- --------------------- 77.968 116.370 70.287 52.306 22.413 8.464 7.337 4.558 Z =.22253E 03 MM6M-3 M =.43199E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER UZERO = 1.166MM PRECIP INTENSITY=.735 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.53194E-02 08 PER KM G = 1.702 NUMBER OF DROPS 32.870 55.911 41.830 22.837 15.120 9.846 10.320 4.558 Z _._2'0960E 03 __MM6MA-3 M =.30944E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO= 1.374MM NUMBER OF DROPS — - - - - - -8.6 — - - - - - -1._3- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15.464 53.867 722 4.8 5.431 8.66 1.35.000 3.098 Z =.15082E 03 MM6M-3 M =.22214E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DLERO 1J,330MM PRECIP INTENSITY=.400 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.32687E-02 08 PER KM G [.512 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---- - - - - - - - - - - - - o STARTING TIME 1355.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 NUMBER OF DROPS 39.195 55.836 36.634 11.0 98 4.264 1.463 ----------------------- -------------------- - =.28578E 02 MM6M-3 M =.1Ll5iBE-Ol GM PER CUBIC METER UZERO =.950MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.168 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.1034BE-02 08 PER KM G = 1.509 ----------------------- NUMBER OF DROPS 17 6975.69226 - 35 —----—.613 —---- 26.423 —---- 1.0003 —---------------— 7 —-— 134 —-----— 1 —-— 463 —--- Z =.22969E 02 MM6M-3 M =. 77542E-02 GM PER CUBIC METER ZLERO =.957MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.117 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.74161E-03 08 PER KM G= 1.772 NUMBER OF DROPS 14.792 36.554 14.792 9.549 1.157 7.239 1.1 000 ----— 1,549 ---------------- Z =.81483E 02 MM6M-3 M =. 11599E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZEIRO 1.369MM PRECIP INTENSITY -.209 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.17378E-02 08 PER KM G 1.435 STARTING TIME 1410.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 ------------------------------------- -----------------

NUMBER OF DROPS 35.394 82.757 37.954 43.189 32.069 18.599 5.692 5.958 4.647 Z =.36910E 03 MM6M-3 M =.47869E-O1 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.375MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.903 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.75950E-02 DB PER KM G = 1.553 STARTING TIME ---- -----— 1415.00 ----- LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300- - ------------------------------------- NUMBER OF DROPS 55.901 107.104 101.984 63.612 65.369 52.045 49.947 13.258 4.335 9.308.000 1.592 1.659 =.16964E 04 MM6M-3 M =.13857E O0 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.595MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 2.870 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.31807E-01 DB PER KM G = 1.578 STARTING TIME 1420.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 NUMBER OF DROPS 82.815 135.299 110.977 72.388 58.315 53.679 36.324 16.169 10.564 9.422 1.605 Z =.14941E 04 MM6M-3 M =.13773E 00 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.579MM --------------------------- PRECIP INTENSITY = 2.803 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.27906E-01 DB PER KM G = 1.442 STARTING TIME 1425.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 NUMBER OF DROPS 81.587 100.788 91.827 56.424 44.497 34.657 5.653 7.479 3.058 1.577 0o Z =.50521E 03 MM6M-3 M =.70139E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.363MM Co PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.297 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.10679E-01 DB PER KM G = 1.491 STARTING TIME 1430.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300__ ___ ________________________________________________ NUMBER OF DROPS 49.146 45.306 51.706 34.075 38.768 24.125 6.883 7.205 10.724 3.114 1.605 Z =.77328E 03 MM6M-3 M =.66270E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO z 1.566MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.367 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.14355E-O__D-PER_ KM_ G = 1-590O_ __ __ __ STARTING TIME 1435.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 ___ ____________________________________________________ NUMBER OF DROPS 33.066 57.387 48.427 39.083 23.315 15.435 13.110 5.918 6.196 Z =.42867E 03 MM6M-3 M =.49161E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.529MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.957 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.84182E-02 DB08 PER KM G = 1.278 STARTING TIME 1440.0C LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 NUMBER OF DROPS 53.047 63.288 55.607 51.624 21.696 21.267 8.488.....L3Z..5 3 —-.114 —-ZQ1 ----- 3...l -------------—.. 1.605

Z =.65731E 03 MM6M-3 M =.60674E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.548MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.217 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.12432E-01 0DB PER KM G = 1.530 STARTING TIME 1445.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 NUMBER OF DROPS 50.728 92.971 71.209 70.835 58,162 38.456 26,503 5,689.000 6,268 1.605 Z =.87038E 03 MM6M-3 M =.92596E-01 GM PER CUBi M~TfR ODER~_- B519MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.822 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.16846E-01 0B PER KM G = 1.403 STARTING TIME 1450.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 NUMBER OF DROPS 40.359 62.120....?..76 Q -------- 1 - -.t.k.- - -—..9__......... _... - 3_.. -----—, —- _.......... -— 9.li-i —— 1 Z =.46310E 03 MM6M-3 M =.55083E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.371MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.047 MM PER HOUR AITENUATION =.93314F-02 DB PER KM G = 1.709 STARTING TIME 1455.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE --- }QQ _ ____________________00_ ___ _ NUMBER OF OROPS 38.362 43.483 34.522 23.261 34.802 16.949 8.563 5.842 6.116 3.154 Z =.52497E 03 MM6M-3 M =.49803E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1. 55.M - - - - —...M-.. PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.010 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.98893E-02 DB PER KM G = 1.473 0 STARTING TIME 1500.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 NUMBER OF DROPS 17.696 33.057 38.177 5.767 L!-_ 1- 1- L.._... —..15-7445 L,}-l ----— _.......A -------....QQQ. —------— 1-,7 Z =.25733E 03 MM6M-3 M -.29757E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER OZERO = 1.535MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.578 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATIOJN =.50822E-02 DB PER KM G = 1.252 STARTING TIME 1505.00 LNGTH OF. AMP0 —--— 300 —-__ _ _ _ _ _ NUMBER OF DROPS 7.263 18.783 25.184 22.831 12.155 11.252 4.125 9.002 1.471 1.537 Z =.41034E 03 MM6M-3 M =.33139E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.712MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.695 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION m.75457E-02 DB PER KM G = 1.29J STARTING TIME 151C.00 LENGTH OF SAMPJE_ 3QO __-_ — -_______ _ —------------------------ NUMBER OF DROPS NUMBER OF DROPS_ _S_____________ —_________ —-__ —__ —______________0____ —__-_-_-_-_ —___-___-_ —-------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 7.730 11.330 29.251 14.349 18.038 12.909 2.795 1.365 1.429 4.731 Z =.33538E 03 MM6M-3.=86RF-nl rM PFR CLinic NF[FR nfFRn = 1.-545MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.591 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.62232E-02 Db PER KM G = 1.660._ _ _ _- - _- _ -_ - __ -__ _ -_ -_ -_ -__ -_-__ -_-_-_ - -__ _ -__ _ _ -_ _ -_-__ _ _ _ _ _ - -__ -_ - -_-_-_-__ _ -__ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _- _ _ _ __- _ _-_- _ _-_-_- - _-_- _ _- _- _ _- __ -_ _ -_ -_ -_-_-_ - -_-_ - -_-_-_ _ -_-__ _ -_-_ _ -_ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -_ _ __- _ _- _- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __- -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

STARTING TIME 1515.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 NUMBER OF DROPS 22.419 37.780 13.458 13.858 21.962 14.015 11.622 7.483 1.471 1.537 1.605 Z =.45936E 03 MM6M-3 M =.38958E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.710MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.812 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.84311E-02 DB_ PER KM G 1.235 STARTING TIME 1520.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 NUMBER OF DROPS 30.888 44.969 36.009 23.496 29.130 14.008 13.148 5.958 4.647 Z =.38582E 03 MM6M-3 M =.43714E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.539MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.860 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.75175E-02 DB PER KM G = 1.267 STARTING TIME 1525.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 NUMBER OF DROPS 47.954 55.634 42.833 21.065 16.218 15.517 10.129 5.920 4.607 _.57 Z =.41042E 03 MM6M-3 M =.42246E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.562MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.834 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.78657E-02 D8 PER KM G = 1.336 STARTING TIME 1530.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 NMER OF DROPS__________________________________ _ ______________ ________NUMBER OF DROPS___________ H 59.736 64.856 48.215 30.103 28.675 16.543 14.271 13.378 2.871 3.000 0 1.486 3.224 1.659 Z =.12228E 04 MM6M-3 M =.72966E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.767MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.580 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.22605E-01 0DB PER KM G = 1.59_1J —-------- ---------------- STARTING TIME 1535.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 NUMBER OF DROPS 65.633 51.552 38.751 20.789 26.286 20.060 8.757 4.405.000 1.537 1.605 Z =.40425E 03 MM6M-3 M =.42444E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER OZERO = 1.519MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.825 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.78763E-02 DB PFR KM G = 1.424 STARTING TIME 1540.00 - --— LENGTH OF SAMPLE 30 - - - - — Q- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - NUMBER OF DROPS 30.666 46.027 30.666 13.046 18.149 7.000 8.870 1.480 1.549 Z =.18184E 03 MM6M-3 ----— M =.25335E-01 GM PER CUI _MTER__ D-E-RQ ___ 75M ______-___ —----------------------- PRECIP INTENSITY =.470 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.37651E-02 08 PER KM G = 1.444 STARTING TIME 1545.0C LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 NUMBER OF DROPS

16.486 25.447 30.567 31.870 27.572 27.435 1.151 7.450 2.874 -.000.000 1.553.000 1.686 Z =.84024E 03 MM6M-3 M =.49899E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO 1.554MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.062 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.17067E-01 Db PER KM G = 2.351 STARTING TIME 1550.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 NUMBER OF DROPS 22.542 45.584 45.584 25.652 31.396 28.436 9.868 8.769 9.061.000 ___ __ 3.170 1.632 Z =.90773E 03 MM6M-3 M =.66651E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.598MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.415 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.16620E-01 DB PER KM G = 1.748 STARTING TIME 1555.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 NUMBER OF DROPS 42.748 41.468 35.067 25.338 29.586 35.574 20.416 5.760 10.802 1.577 Z =.70648E 03 MM6M-3 M =.66830E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.588MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.378 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.1312BE-01 DB PER KM G = 1.382 —------------------------ STARTING TIME 1600.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 NUMBER OF DROPS 28.578 40.098 36.258 32.519 41.573 15.018 20.341 8.804 7.626 3.114 1.605 Z =.78423E 03 MM6M-3 M =.66631E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER OZERO - 1.720MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.392 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.14355E-01 DB PER KM G = 1.212 STARTING TIME 1605.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300_________________________________ NUMBER OF DROPS 22.967 39.608 25.527 24.678 22.974 16.584 25.048 5.926 2.944.000 1.565 1.632 Z =.67937E 03 MM6M-3 M =.53674E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO 1.722MM PRECIP INTENSITY = 1.128 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.12453E-O_ 08B PER KM G =.I___9_.... _ S TAR T NGT l M _ _1610 00 ____ LENG~y Qf jP1E _- 1~Q- - ------ --------- ---- - ----------------------------- STARTING TIME 1610.00_ __ __ __N__H_ ______MP E_.30_Q NUMBER OF DROPS 20.307 40.789 35.668 26.022 34.744 19.901 11.657 7.519 1.509 1.577 Z =.41413E 03 MM6M-3 M =.46994E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DtERO - 1.528MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.927 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.81038E-02 08DB PER KM G - 1.292._- - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __- _ __-_ _- _ _ _ __-_- - _ __- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __-_ __-_- -_-_-_ -_ - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -— _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _-_-_-_-_- _ _-_ __-_-_-_-_ _ _ _ _ __-_-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __- -_ __START-NG-TIME 1615.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 NUMBER OF DROPS 13.293 33.775 27.374 28.237 14.876 18.627 1I. 121 2~.735 4.4.-3_.......... —-- ___... 3.170 1.632

L =.72194E C3 MM6M-3 M =.44275E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.597MM -PRFCITNTE TT —---— T —--------- TO —--- ---- 2 095 NUMBER OF DROPS 24.276 31.957 15.316 13.058 12.243 12.E51 8.868 3.039 L =.17354E 03 MM6M-3 M =.23221E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.534MM PR8CIP INTENSITY =.444 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.35168E-02 DB PER KM 0 = 1.084 STARTING TIME 1625.OC LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 NUMBER OF DROPS 11.750 27.111 20.710 13.371 11.091 5.617 5.887 1.480 1.549.. 14332E 03 MM6M-3 M =.18466E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.392MM PRECIP INTENSITY.= 35C MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.29008E-02 OB PER KM G = 1.507 STARTING TIME 1630.00 LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 NUMBER OF DROPS 22.811 24.091 22.611 23.044 18,297 8.662 2.904.000 1.549 Z =.13130.E 03 MP6Mv-3 M =.20840E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER OZERO = 1.339MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.379 MM PER HOUR ATTENUATION =.28827E-02 LIB PERKM G 1.374 -- - ---------------------------------------------------—' —-----------------—' —--- ----------------------------------—' —- ----------------- -~ —-----------— ~ H r,0 STARTING TIME 1635.CC LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 NUMBER OF DROPS _NME FDGS ----------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ---------- ------------------------------ 18.466 51.748 27.427 23.927 23.664 9.777 10.247 1.360 6.196 L =.318708 03 MV6M-3 M =.356938-01 GM PER CUBIC METER OZERO = 1.516MM PRECIP INTENSITY =.698 MM PER HUUR ATTENUATION =.62082E-02 08 PER KM G = 1.343 STARTING TIME 1639.OC LENGTH OF SAMPLE 300 NUMBER OF DROPS 46.351 39.950 23.3C9 17.784 37.926 15.709 4.197 9,077 1.549 1 =.307498 03 MI6M-3 M =.38380E-01 GM PER CUBIC METER DZERO = 1.395MM PRECIP INTENSITY = -- 40 - M PMER HOUR ATTENUATION =.62298E-02 DB PER KM G _ 1.546 -------------------------------- CUEF = 431.389629, SL = 1.290087, STER = - 252870, RPOS.784247 - RNEG -.36561~, STERA =.235111 COEFM 0_>52 c44, SLM =.917797- COEFDO = -----— 1.419884,-i ------------------ ----— t —l —-— t **** ALL INPUT DATA HAVE BEEN PROCESSED. AT LOC 22167

ures was necessary in the specification of the computer output so that a wide range of values could be printed using the same format. The values are printed in either a decimal or an exponential form. The decimal data are obvious. A quantity such as.10264E 03 means.10264 x 103 or 103. Similarly.97282E-02 means.97282 x 10-2 or.00973. The beginning time (MST) and the length of the sample (in seconds) are printed for each computation. Although the drop-size data were recorded continuously, it was necessary to summarize the drop-size spectra for finite time intervals. A 1-minute interval is used for most of the data, but for some a 5-minute interval was chosen.:The number of drops is given as the number per cubic meter per mm in 0.2 mm class intervals starting at the class interval centered about 0.6 mm diameter. There are ten such classes in each row, viz. 0.6 to 2.4 mm for the first row and the second row begins at 2.6 mm. The reflectivity factor, Z, is given in mm6 m-3. The rain water content, M, for all drops greater than 0.5 mm diameter is given in g m-3. The median volume drop diameter, DZERO, is given in mm. The precipitation intensity and attenuation are clearly labeled. The attenuation, A, was determined from A = 0.4343 Z Qt where Qt is the total absorption cross-section. Qt was obtained for each drop diameter and for a wavelength of 3.2 cm and temperature of 18 C from a paper by Gunn and East.1 The units are in decibels km-lo To make use of the attenuation information, it is necessary to know what portion of the rain system is represented by the particular sample. The quantity, G, is given by G N= Z ~D6/(D3 Z ND3) It is a quantity dependent on the width of the spectrum and was defined and used by Atlas and Bartnoff.2 The rains of 27 July and 1 August 1961, were broken down into 1 min samples. Regression equations between Z, M, Do and R were computed using the data from the rain on each day. The coefficients of these equations follow the last minute of data for each rain. The corresponding equations and coefficients are as follows Z = (eCOE)R SL M = (COEFM) RSLM D = (oOEFD) RSLD 113

The tnits are identical to those defined earlier. The standard error of estimate for the Z-R relationship was also computed. This was obtained by first computing R for each value of Z from the regression equation, and labeling this value Rc. If the actual precipitation intensity is denoted by Ra, then the standard error of estimate is given by STER = (1/n Z [(Ra - Rc)/Rc]221/2 where n is the number of pairs of Z-R values. The maximum positive error (Ra > Rc) RPOS, and the maximum negative error, RNEG, are also evaluated for each rain. The quantity STERA is given by STERA = (1/n [(Ra - Rc)/Ra]Z)l/a The July 31 rain was broken down into two parts. One minute distributions were used for the first 46 min and 5-min distributions were used for the last 250 min of the rain. The regression equations were computed separately for these two sections of the rain. The two-theodolite method was used to measure the wind field below the cloud bases. A computer program was written to calculate the horizontal wind from these measurements. The physical location and orientation of the theodolites are shown in Fig. 5.1. Theodolite A North 1101.6 X 47.1 SD ~ Junction with snow / bowl road Fig. 5.1. Two-theodolite baseline and location at Kent Ranch Station, Flagstaff, Arizona. The computer output for the pibals taken on July 27, 31, and August 1, 1961 114

is given in Table 5.5. The following information will be helpful in the interpretation of the calculations. The data, release time and approximate balloon lift are clearly stated for each release. The 4 numbers following the balloon lift are (1) the time interval between readings in seconds, (2), (3) the X and Y coordinates of the balloon release point (usually theodolite B which is also the origin of the coordinate system), (4) the number of readings for the ascent~ The next 6-10 lines of information are the actual theodolite readings in the following order: horizontal angles for successive time intervals at A, elevation angles for station A, horizontal angles for station B, elevation angles for Station B. The time column is in increments of half minutes starting with the first half minute after the release. The mean height column gives the mean height of the balloon above the ground. The ZA and ZB columns give the height of the balloon as calculated from theodolite A and theodolite B elevation angles respectively. The X, Y coordinates give the projected location of the balloon on the horizontal plane (Fig. 5.1). The range difference is the horizontal distance in feet between successive locations of the balloon. The wind direction is given in degrees from north and complies with the standard meteorological convention for reporting wind direction. The wind direction and horizontal speed are average values for the layer between the balloon's current height and the height of the balloon at the preceding time interval. The last two columns give the angles a and B in the plane ABP (Fig. 5e2). P (Pibal) /1 A B Fig. e520 Geometry of the two-theodolite system of triangulation. Since the computation of the horizontal wind involves a term similar to sin(a-3) it is desirable to keep la-PI as large as possible. Reference to Fig. 5.2 shows that Ca-Pj will always be greater than IaCI -B| and therefore the plane ABP was used for determining the position of the balloon. In some cases the results show a large variation between successive time 1!5

TABLE 5.5 COMPUTER OUTPUT FOR TEE TJO-THEODOLITE PILOT BALLOON SOUNDING Walter Kent Ranch Flagstaff, Arizona July 27, 31, and August 1, 1961 DOUBLE THEODOLITE PIBAL COMPUTATIONS 2719 --------------- ------------------------------------------------------ RELEASE TIME 948MST APPROXIMATE BALLOON LIFT 6OGMS 30 0 0 50 201.3 204.9 210.4 214.8 220.0 224.6 229.1 233.3 237.8 242.2 247.2 252.4 255.8 260.3 264.6 268.7 271.4 276.1 282.4.... 2~:F 2~617 ~U415-~1223- 3f~.~ 323d-4:7 39242 ~ZU:U-~4T;3 3~N-q ~5~:V....~.-f2% —- Y.-6-: - --— T2 —- 3.0 -—: 40.7 43.2 46.3 48.4 49.7 51.1 51.5 50.6 49.8 48.3 47.4 46.7 46.3 45.9 46.0 47.4 47.9 48.4 49.0 49.5 50.4 51.6 52.9 54.2 55.7 56.8 58.4 61.3 62.9 65.0 67.1 69.0 71.6 72.2 73.3 74.1 74.9 75.4 75.4 75.0 74.2 73.3 72.1 71.1 95.0 103.0 142.3 148.8 149.6 153.8 162.2 163.6 162.6 166.7 171.5 175.9 179.2 181.9 7 266.4 271.4 276.6 280.8 284.9 290.2 296.1 303.5 310.2 317.1 323.6 329.1 333.9 338.B 344.6 349.9 354.8 359.3 3.1 50.0 44.8 38.2 40.8 47.6 53.5:-5 —-5-.-g --- 60.7 61.4 61.4 60.4 58.7 56.5' 54.8 53.5 52.4 51.5 50.9 51.8 52.2 52.0 52.4 52.5 52.9 53.7 54.6 55.5 56.3 57.2 58.2 60.0 61.6' 63.5 65.4 66.7 67.9 68.7 69.4 69.8 70.3 70.7 70.7 70.1 69.4 68.6 67.6 66.7 ------------- - --------------------------- -- ------------------------------ -E —-------- - R A L MEAN COORDINATES RANGE BALLOON WIND WIND -TE —--- EIGHT1T-FT)-. —---- X Y DIFFERENCE SPEED (FT/MIN) DIRECTION SPEED IMPH -- ---------- 948.5 246 242 250 209 -18 210 493 228 4.77 163.8 93.2 949.0 413 411 415 401 -94 212 334 244 4.83 154.1 99.2 949.5 802 810 795 618 -800 737 779 296 16.74 152.1 128.4 V0...S.O ----- T.. —-- ---— T1..1..T-.T.. —-. -350 --- 2 -1 7 i — 149.1 1. 4 950.5 1515 1582 1568 725 -1235 99 803 293 2.25 143.5 125.6 -----— ~~1 —6 —-— I'TI~ ~92 IVFI~1 7c -r2TZ-8 -—' —-- ---- FM ---------------- 6-A -------------- Y5 —-------- 3''~ ~ T~9 - T-~~~` — *"" T~~~~r~~~~r123 I~~~~~~~~~~0 6~~~~~~4~-. — - F T T:.3 951.5 2270 2271 2269 480 -1496 270 706 345 6.13 138.2 122.8 952.0 2735 2733 2737 517 -1758 264 930 305 6.01 135.8 122.3 952.5 3166 3168 3165 587 -1872 134 863 282 3.05 132.7 120.2 953. — 0 3496-....*T —* —-"- 3 -TW-9 =6 — 3 T T~r —968 ~9-s - 155 648 5 3.*51 131.1 119.2 953.5 3809 3809 3808 316 -2114 209 636 359 4.74 130.1 118.9. —---—'N[-..... —-6Z —— 7- 2,SW --------—:57176 ------- - I T6 -.-I T I a --------------------------- 954.5 4402 4402 4401 34 -2400 175 410 1 3.98 128.5 118.6 I- 955.0 4353 4353 4354 -82 -2472 136 -97 11 3.10 230.6 240.4 955.5 4635 4634 4635 -324 -2800 408 563 349 9.26 230.0 238.9 0'....95~6.0-4 —11~...........-2 364 y —----...-T —-...-4? ------------ - -45 9.28 228.8 237.1 ------- 956.5 5090 5085 5094 -918 -3414 499 546 2 11.35 228.5 236.1......970....5 18 5-53 23 —— 5T 521 1-34-Tf —-22- 6 4 9.59 228.5 235.6 957.5 5738 5731 5744 -1628 -4113 535 830 359 12.15 228.9 235.4 958.0 6035 6026 6044 -2070 -4340 496 595 16 11.27 229.6 235.8 958.5 6602 6595 6610 -2645 -4676 666 1134 13 15.14 230.9 236.7 959.0 7388 7375 7402 -3374 -4748 732 1572 37 16.65 234.3 239.7 959.5 6619 6624 6615 -3433 -3813 937 -1538 129 21.29 236.6 242.9 ------------------- - -------------------— ~Y —---------— ~ —--------------------- -------- 960.0 7597 7595 7 -99 —4-~2. -4065 929 1956 27 21.12 239.4 245.1 960.5 7787 7778 7796 -4718 -3713 525 380 85 11.93 242.2 247.8 961.0 7751 7749 7753 -4995 -3232 555 -73 103 12.62 244.8 250.7 961.5 8003 8009 7997 -5330 -2858 502 504 91 11.40 247.6 253.4 96.2-.0.. 8317 8324 8309 -5606 - 2415 522 — 628 101 11.87 250.7 256.5 962.5 8451 8462 8440 -5695 -1884 538 269 123 12.23 253.7 259.5 9-63.0.90,6-.057-..3'37 - -, —= —..........57 —13.0-,-.2-.- 62.5 —463 3,0 - ------- ----— 9Y3__-?045__T29 - --— t3 ------— 5W —------ T_ -- ------------- 95 —------ r3-,-0V -----— T5 —-- ------ ------- 963.5 9954 9977 9932 -6555 -957 695 1817 86 15.80 260.2 265.4 964.0 9145 9163 9121 -5870 -370 902 -1619 182 20.49 262.3 268.0 964.5 9251 9279 9224 -5717 139 531 213 150 12.08 264.9 270.7 965.0 9352 —-— 9408 —— 95 --— 5 ----— 6T6- 614 -201 172 13.95 267.4 273.3 965.5 9786 9825 9746 -5177 987 402 868 156 9.13 269.4 275.1 966.0 9465 -- — 4-4 -----— dA-45-4T --— I2-09-...-68 --------- 41 ------- 203 15.-t{ 270...6-..2T6..6 —--------------------------- 966.5 9761 9778 9744 -4187 1540 489 593 180 11.10 272.4 278.3 967.0 10343 10364 10323 -3993 1956 459 1163 158 10.42 274.4 280.0 967.5 9999 10037 9962 -3374 2232 678 -687 199 15.42 276.1 282.0 968.0 10314 10329 1028-3 —&? 2591- 2. -72? 628 173 10.73 277.9 283J.6 --------- 968.-5 10495 10506 10484 -2683 2887 485 363 185 11.01 279.4 284.9 969.0 10587 A[596 V1089-4 -:. -- -3133 4 1 189 10.15 280.6 286.1 969.5 10598 10604 10593 -1948 3254 382 22 204 8.68 281.3 286.8 970.0 10826 10828 10823 -1668 3404 318 455 195 7.22 281.9 287.3 970.5 11487 11490 11483 -1455 3749 406 1322 165 9.23 282.9 287.9 971.0 11347 -— 113 — 4 9 ----— 5 -:9-59 13 -19 - - — 420 ---- 279 193 9.55 284.1 289.2 971.5 11728 11730 11727 -773 4340 496 763 173 11.26 285.4 290.3 972.0 11984 11984 11983..-426 4677 4 ----— 84. 510 179 11.00 286.6 291.3 972.5 12358 12358 12357 -63 5093 553 748 174 12.56 287.9 292.4 973.0 12454 12454 12454 290 5356 440 193 186 10.00 71.1 66.7

DOUBLE THEODOLITE PIBAL COMPUTATIONS — ~tT[~~~~~ —— =2 l -9 —--------------- ------------ RELEASE TIME 1229MST APPROXIMATE BALLOON LIFT 30GMS 30 0 0 39 -~I-0-I99-f~0-:~-055-25-4- 2 20- 5-2 -----— 7 —-------— 0 —-0-. —1. —0 —-00. —9.6 —-0-18. 197.1 195.8 194.5 193.1 191.8 190.5 188.8 187.6 187.0 186.5 186.0 185.4 184.7 184.0 183.0 I1819 181.2 181.0 181.2 181.6 7.1 11.6 15.2 19.1 21.7 25.0 26.9 28.0 27.7 27.0 25.5 25.0 23.7 22.6 21.8 21.4 20.9 20.4 20.0 19.8 19.5 19.2 19.4 19.8 20.2 21.0 22.0 22.9 23.8 25.0 26.4 28.0 29.9 31.9 34.4 36.5 38.9 41.3 4. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 201.8 200.9 199.7 198.0 196.5 194.9 193.5 191.8 190.1 188.6 187.9 187.4 187.8 186.1 185.3 184.7 183.6 182.8 181.6 — i~i.-~ 181.4 181.5 18.5 0. 22. ~60 —.9 30.8 32.3 33.2 32.2 31.0 29.1 28.4 26.8 25.3 24.4 23.9 23.3 22.7 22.2 21.8 21.5 21.1 21.2 21.6 22.0 22.9 23.9 24.9 25.8 27.1 28.4 30.1 32.2 34.2 37.0 39.4 42.0 44.6 46.4 VERTICAL MEAN COORDINATES RANGE BALLOON WIND WIND...... TIMF —-E....~ r-T-ITT..... — ------ --...........Y —— E —--- -b —-----------------— ]- - 1229.5 202 204 200 -315 -507 597 404 345 13.56 193.1 216.4....Y. I-_60 -------------- -5... —tJ —--— 2.... —— 7 - - 498 354 14.16 202.2 221.0 1230.5 807 804 810 -1218 -1593 790 713 352 17.96 208.5 222.6 1231.0 1090 1095 lOBS -1370 -1753 220 566 356 5.00 211.5 224.9 1231.5 1468 1475 1461 -1602 -2247 546 756 338 12.41 212.9 224.0 --------— 12%.......I53....T —-— I-: 1~ —:Ir'/6 -----------—.522 --------- ]]] -------------- 21 ---—:-2 i...-63 1232.5 2428 2.438 2418 -1866 -3339 603 946 323 13.71 214.5 222.5 ---— ~33 ------—...-2677.......26-893 -------...... ----— ~0-=f /..... V -.......3-7......' —-----— 2....22 7-? 1233.5 3116 3110 3113 -2298 -4378 873 877 336 19.84 215.2 221.5 1234.0 3223 3230 3215 -2496 -4734 407 214 342 9,26 214.9 220.7 1234.5 3245 3250 3241 -2716 -5151 472 46 341 10.73 214.1 219.4 --------- [2:........-[.........3 —--— *73............ —:~ -6............. —.4 86 2I= —1B.9w 1235.5 3282 3287 3277 -2864 -5822 650 204 325 14.78 212.2 216.8 --------—.-'f.......u2~ 32,93 ----------— &~S......3717 —-----—; ----- 1236.5 3167 3182 3153 -2882 -6325 104 -226 269 2.37 209.9 214o0 1237.0...3289 3298 3280 -2927 -6798 474 243 318 10.78 209.1 212.9 1237.5 3247 3259 3236 -2887 -6938......146 -83 297 3.31 208.3 212.0 F*:...[T38-......3-2 & -----— 5...3~:r —-2-5 2~F /' -—........ —-....-2- -------—'2 —------- ------— WY —--. 6f —~- ~1. -~1238.5 3306 3315 3296 -2881 -7546 321 82 311 7.30 206.9 210.1..... I2 ~ ~~-39 --......-~0....33 93 —-=* —-7-~......... — ------— ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~............3.......... —~-~ ----- 4 ------'7#9:~ 1239.5 3419 3432 3406 -2671 -8223 498 223 302 11.31 204.9 207.8 1240.0 3479 3493 3465 -2550 -8609 405 120 295 9.19 203.9 206.6 — 1240.5 3702 3719 3686 -2443 -9183 584 447 302 13.27 203.3 205.7 1241.0 3835 3853 3817 -2250:93~ 752 —----- -616 ---- 268 6.18 202:-9 205.3 1241.5 ~~~4226 4235 4216 -2134 -10216 849 781 305 19.28 202,7 204.8 —---- 1242.0 4270 4282 -425Ts~:Wf T -:lq --------- 184 1o.6T- — 02.7:204.9 1242.5 4807 4814 4800 -1619 -10709 Boo 1074 302 18.19 203.2 205.3 1243.0 4998 5~003 ~4993 -1478 -10655 151 383 202 3.44 203.9 206.0 1243.5 5335 5341 5328 -1419 -10930 282 673 301 6.41 204.6 206.8 -------------- 1244.0 5102 5126 5077 -1346 -9831 1102 ------— 466 137 25.05 205.7 208.1 1244.5 6517 6521 6512 -1279 -11976 2147 28,30 311 48.79 206.9 209.0......- I --------:466 —-- 69 -66 6 -----.....f 6V f —=:l y-EO-~~2 ---------—.T7T -------- 4OU -----------— 9....... —- -.. 0= ——' 1: 1245.5 7154 7158 7150 -930 -11316 671 374 148 15.24 210.1 21,2.5 1246.0 8045 8048 8042 -742 -11810I 529 I783 292 12.02 212o0 214.4 -— 1246.5 8131 8134 8127 -526 -10772 1060 -----— 172 145 24.10 ___4.a4 217.1 ---------- 1247.0 8196 8197 8195 -278 -9973 836 131 ISO 19.01 2i-6.5 219.4 1247.5 8553 8553 8553 -198 -9497 483 714 142 10.98 211.9 222.0..... 174V:.......V8 -----— F ---- 3 -3 ---—.]-&.....~8~3...22f -z858 ----------—.2 620...........i1....1; 4......~F[-Y....~.6 1248.5 9487 9487 9488 -236 -9033 50 12419 333 {-{5 223.1 226.4

- - --------------------------— _ — DOUBLETHEODOLITE PIBAL COMPUTATIONS RELEASE TIME 1415MMST APPROXIMATE BALLOON LIFT 6OGMS 30 0 0 42 184.1 187.0 186.9 186.85 181.1 186.8 186.5 186.3 185.8 18~4.8 t4a.. 184.4 184.1 185.4 186.2 187.0188. 190.5 192.5 194.6 196.2 198.3 199.8 201.6 203.1 204.5 206.5 208.7 210.4 212.0 213.1 214.0 215.3 217.1 220.1 223.5 227.0 230.2 233.7 237.1 24C.5 243.6 1. 1bI.0 1:4.3 15.1 1 5-.5 16. 17.2 18.2 19.1 19.8 20.5 21. 2 22.4 23.9 25-3 —---------------------------- 26.5 27.6 28.6 29.8 30.8 31.7 32.6 33.1 34.0 34.5 35.1 35.7 36.5 37.3 38.3 39.3 40.5 41.4 42.4 43.4 44.3 45.3 46.0 46.4 46.8 47.0 47.2 192.0 193.4 190.9 189.7 189.6 188.7 188.2 187.8 187.1 186.0 185.1 185.4 185.7 186.5 187.4 188.3 190.0 192.4 194.5 196.7 198.9 201.4 203.1 205.0 206.7 208.2 210.4 212.8 214.7 216.4 217.6 218.5 219.9 222.0 225.2 228.8 232.4 236.0 239.7 243.4 246.7 249.8 25.0 22.9 21.1 20.2 19.1 19. 20.4 21.4 22.4 22.9 23.5 24.3 25.6 27.1 28.5 29.8 31.0 31.9 33.1 34.2 35.1 35.9 36.5 37.3 37.6 38.2 38.8 39.5 40.2 41.1 42.1 43.2 44.0 44.9 45.8 46.6 47.4 47.9 48.1 48.3 48.4 48.4 VERT ICAL MEAN COORDINATES RANGE BALLOON WIND WIND TI 14[E'f..WT1]:tT ------ --- - 1I x Y DIFFERENCE SPEED (FT/MINI DIRECTION SPEED (MPH) 1415.5 323 326 320 -142 -670 685 646 325 15.58 191.2 201.6 14.16.0 544 546 542 -297 -1247 597 442 328 13.58 194.7 206.3 1416.5 802 805 799 -391 -2033 792 516 320 17.99 195.8 203.6 1417.0 1076 1080 1072 -491 -2872 845 548 320 19.20 196.5 202.3 1417.5 1298 1303 1293 -602 -3562 698 445 322 15.87 197.0 201.8 1418.0 1562 1-56-4 — i — 9 -655 -4280 720 526 317 16.36 197.4 201.6 1418.5 1948 1954 1942 -745 -5170 894 773 319 20.32 198.4 201.9 -— 21TT-T1.-"-: —-----—? 4.....5..?- - - 46-1 -- 37.4.2 202.7 1419.5 2338 2340 2335 -700 -5622 136 318 290 3.08 199.9 203.4 1420.0 2609 2613 2604 -644 -6132 513 543 307 11.66 200.4 203.6 1420.5 2874 2878 2871 -587 -6576 447 530 305 10.17 200.9 204.0 14]CIH'.- 2973 2976 2969 -6 9-654'-8 43 197 84.97 201.6 204o9 1421.5 3194 3196 3191 -661 -6628 91 443 341 2.06 202.9 204.2 -'22T-'- 4-......T —--— T- -.'% —---------— 3... I8?-46- 3-.......-2-..... 204;5 - -'207.Td 1422.5 3927 3931 3923 -930 -7166 285 721 343 6.47 206.0 209.4 1423.0 4137 4141 4134 -1042 -7143 114 421 55 2.58 207.3 210.8 1423.5 4307 4311 4304 -1243 -7054 220 340 67 5.01 208.8 212.4 F-~ 1424.0 4593 4600 4585 -1582 -7195 366 511 20 8.32 210.3 214.0 1424.5 4943 4948 4938 -1896 -7334 344 701 19 7.82 212.1 215.8 CC) 1425.0 5149 5149 5149- -2177 27- - 291 411 58 i.61 213.8 217.6 1425.5 5154 5163 5145 -2371 -6926 383 11 102 8.71 215.2 219.3 L426.0 5358 5372 5344 -2693 -6874 327 407 52 7.42 216.9 221.0 1426.5 5345 5357 5333 -2827 -6630 278 -26 104 6.32 218.0 222.3 1427.0 5689 5700 5678 -3150 -6756 346 688 22 7.86 219.6 223.9 1427.5 5951 5968 5935 -3463 -6885 339 525 20 7.70 220.7 224.9 1428.0 6108 6122 6094 -3659-6825 206 313 60 4.67 221.9 226.2 1428.5 6221 6233 6209 -3908 -6661 298 226 76 6.76 223.4 227.8 1429.0 6486 6499 6474 -4254 -6602 352 531 53 7.99 225.2 229.6 1429.5 6721 6736 6706 -4517 -6525 274 469 59 6.23 226.7 231.1 1430.0 7087 7102 7072 -4810 -6525 293 732 43 6.66 228.3 232.7 1430.5 7335 7348 7321 -4943 -6420 170 495 81 3.86 229.6 234.0 41.0... 78-31 —- 7845....... —eY f.-4-5 ------ 7i- 86 —-'3f i -f ---- 5-7 - - -... --------------- 2I ---—' —---'- 5 —6 99-2J'J 1431.5 8173 8190 8157 -5418 -6480 239 685 51 5.44 232.3 236.5 1432.0 8359 8380 8338 -5596 -6218 318 372 98 7.23 233.9 238.2 1432.5 8691 8709 8673 -5984 -5943 474 664 78 10.77 236.2 240.6 1433.0 8999 9012 8986 -6-194 -— 55 -.536 617 83 12.17 238.7 243.1 1433.5 9558 9569 9547 -6955 -5357 611 1117 66 13.89 241.3 245.6 ---- - 3V.0 —-----?545 -- -— 96-11 ---- 58 —Z7 T —:4 4 ------ -2 —-----— 7 ------ 1- 1-0 ----— 43- - 1434.5 9761 9778 9744 -7549 -4412 569 333 92 12.92 245.9 250.3 1435.0 9753 9772 9733 -7754 -3884 567 -17 112 12.88 248.2 252.7 1435.5 10128 10137 10118 -8251 -3554 596 750 76 13.55 250.4 254.8. 436. - 10408 0418 10399- 8664 -3189- 4 - - -------------- 552. 51.........84. 12.54 252.4 256.7

DOUBLE THEODOLITE PIBAL COMPUTATIONS RELEASE TIME 846MST APPROXIMATE BALLOON LIFT 9OGMS 30 0 0 47 -- ----- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 221.0 225.8 234.2 251.0 264.8 289.5 319.0 340.9 356.1 5.6 12.4 17.4 19.6 21.0 21.7 23.3 24.4 26.2 29.0 - 30T-6- 1IT7Ii~372 —-.Z-T —- 37-V —-TY S-4TA 16-. o208 —- o 21 0-28.0 1.5 34 — 8 37 —.3 39.7 41 —- -If-.- 0 I&O —- -— 3 — Y --- 41.9 46.9 50.5 53.2 55.5 56.3 51.0 57.6 59.7 62.4 64.9 67.7 71.7 74.5 78.0 80.4 82.3 82.5 82.7 80.2 78.4 76.5 74.7 73.4 72.0 70.4 69.0 61.7 66.5 65.6 65.0 64.2 63.3 62.7 62.1 62.0 61.8 61.8 61.5 159.7 172.2 175.6 179.2 184.5 189.5 193.8 198.0 202.4 201.3 212.7 218.1 222.1 224.6 227.5 229.3 230.2 233.9 240.1 246.5 -57T2 ~~~~~~ 7141 33iI~~~~~~~~7338?5-~~~~4-.6 9.2-12.4 14-.2 1. 16918. 5 19.9 21.7 24.4 25.8 26.8 27.5 28.1 29.1 30.8 32.6 34.4 36.7 48.6 43.5 39.9 42.4 44.7 41.3 49.4 51.4 54.0 58.0 61.0 63.2 64.6 65.0 64.7 65.0 66.9 69.2 71.2 73.4 75.6 77.0 77.6 77.2 76.2 74.9 73.8 72.3 70.8 69.3 68.1 67.2 65.9 64.6 63.6 62.5 61.7 61.1 60.6 60.1 59.3 58.8 58.4 58.4 58.5 58.5 58.3 VERTICAL -------------- Ek —--------- ----------- -- - -- - ~ --- - - - -U~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ o03 --— T -— RANGE BALLOON-9-016 —f WI —--— QND W —---- ND ------- ------------ TIME HEIGHT (FT) ZA ZB X Y DIFFERENCE SPEED (FT/MIN) DIRECTION SPEED (MPH) 846.5 241 192 291 89 -241 257 483 293 5.84 167.2 128.3 847.0 422 395 448 64 -468 228 360 319 5.19 163.9 135.9 847.5 787 785 789 72 -941 473 731 312 10.76 158.8 139.9 848.0 1402 1402 1402 22 -1535 596 1229 318 13.55 152.0 137.6 848.5 1770 1 76 r77o -146 -1783 296 736 34 6.73 211.6 224.9 849.0 2106 2107 2104 -320 -1915 223 672 7 5.08 215.2 228.0 -—.5 ------— 54-7 381 18 —-- — 1 —--— 8 —1 —----- 27 -------- 3.81 230.8 850.0 2596 2599 2593 -640 -1969 158 477 40 3.60 221.0 233.6 850.5 2708 2707 2709 -750 -1820 186 223 96 4.22 223.9 237.1 851.0 3171 3181-3162 -906 -1756 169 927 65 3.84 229.0 241.9 8 -— 5 -TM —- 6 37 a TT —- 839 69 -------— 4.25 233 * 5 2459 9 852.0 3828 3833 3824 -1192 -1520 193 474 95 4.39 236.8 249.2 ---------- ----------- FU --------------- 7 —------------ 73T. —- 4* —— ~s ~ ----— If —-g~; —— ~~ 8,4 I1T72r4T4-T2717 853.0 4338 4343 4334 -1419 -1439 94 299 65 2.14 240.9 252.5 853.5 4676 4682- 4669 -1627 -1491 215 675 29 4.88 242.3 253.2 854.0 4822 4827 4817 -1703 -1465 80 292 62 1.82 243.3 254.0 855.0 5372 5377 5366 -1647 -1201 200 488 142 4.55 247.7 257.9 -555 —------- 3 -— 5530 --— 6 — 9 — -25 —--- 31-37 --------— 5 —------- 856.0 5771 5774 5767 -1577 -686 257 491 145 5.83 253.4 263.5 856.5 6326 6336 6317 -1582 -359 326 1111 132 7.42 257.4 266.8 857.0 6273 6276 6269 -1445 83 463 -107 150 10.53 261.0 270.7 857.5 7461 7464 7458 -1532 585 509 2376 123 11.51 266.1 274.4 858.0 6921 6925 6917 -1216 995 518 -1080 170 11.77 269.1 278.1 858. 677 6774 -6771f -886 1-407l 528- -297 172 11.99 212.6 281.6 859.0 7030 7030 7031 -599 1800 487 517 169 11.06 275.7 284.3 859.5 6648 6649 — 6648 -309 1f90V7 309 -764 203 7.02 276.9 286.0 860.0 7509 7509 7509 -63 2396 548 1721 — 160 12.44 279.8 287.7 860.5 ~~~~7716 717 71 25 278 39 414 177 9.01 78.5 70.9 861.0 7961 7963 7959 481 2969 394 490 - 175 8.94 76.8 69.6 862.0 8703 8105 8702 897 3546 310 646 167 7.04 74.4 67.9 862.5 8718 8722 8715 1075 3747 268 29 174 6.09 73.2 66.9 863.0 8945 8949 8942 1234 4063 353 454 160 8.03 71.8 65.8 863.5 9 —---- 3489 93 —-- 52 9344 T - --- 1472 —- 4399 —----- 41-2 80 —---— 66 —----- 1-68 -----— 9-.-36 -----— 7-0-.8 65.1 864.0 9544 9550 9538 1690 4669 347 392 172 7.89 69.8 64.3 865.0 10471 10480 10462 2386 5260 450 832 192 10.23 68.8 63.9 865.5 10480 10489 10470 2568 5312 189 16 207 4.30 68.7 63.8 866.0 10866 10873 10859 2816 5574 361 773 176 8.20 68.3 63.6 8 —-66.6-5 11 —-- f0-40 110 —ffb50 1100-024 580 —----— 3-1-5 ---- --— 3-4-8 - -----— 1-7-4 716 676 6-3-.1 8673 W611316 11329 -11303 -34224 -6039 345352 174 6.92 67. 2 62.8 ------------ ---- -677.5 ----— 1171T4 —— YIl - -— 7AL2-30- 30-1 —---— 1835 —------ 636 ------— 180O ----- 8.-7-5 67.0 O 62.8 868.0 12206 12226 12186 3839 6440 360 944 200 8.18 67.3 63.3 868.5 12761 12777 12746 4208 6580 395 1110 202 8.98 67.8 63.9 869.0 - 12866 12887 12844 4447 6495 254 210 243 5.76 68.4 64.5 - 8 —-- 69q.3 ----- 12635 12654 — 12616 46-57 — 6248 3 —---- 24 --------- 4-61 —----- 2713 -----— 7-.-3-7 69.1 65.

DOUBLE THEODOLITE PIBAL COMPUTATIONS ----------------------------------- ------------------------------— ~ —---— ~ —- ----- -------------- ----- ----—' " 0TE[)7~ —T —3T-TI9cI —--—' — RELEASE TIME 1118MST APPROXIMATE BALLOON LIFT 8OGMS 30 0 0 40 1- 270T1sojo 133.0 122. —0I-?12. 2. 6. —2 -a6 -- 40.0 22.2 13.2 4.9 35I7.8 353.2 349.4 341.5 344.9 343.7 342.4 341.5 341.3 341.5 342.0 342.2 343.1 343.5 343.4 343.0 342.2 342.0 341.6 340.9 340.3 339.1 337.1 335.0 3.3.F1331.3-14.0- 0.-b 46.0 56.0 62.0 65.0 69.0 1.2 73.7 726 0 63.6 580 520 479 415 36.3 32.6 2g.6 27.3 25.2 23.5 22.5 21.9 21.1 20.2 19.4 18.9 1B.2 17.2 16.B 16.8 11.1 17.6 18.7 20.0 20.6 21.2 21.7 22.3 340.0 345.5 6.2 14.8 3B.1 40.5 36.9 32.6 28.0 22.5 17.2 11.8 8.0 3.0 358.7 355.2 352.3 350.2 348.0 346.6 344.9 344.4 344.1 344.2 344.5 344.6 345.2 345.5 345.4 345.0 344.3 344.1 343.7 342.9 2.4.0 — 339. —4 — 337.2 335.5 333.8 89.0 72.5 73.8 68.3 65.9 61.6 59.8 57.8 55.5 54.0 51.3 41.3 43.2 39.5 36.3 32.6 29.5 26.7 24.8 23.0 21.1 20.3 19.6 19.1 18.5 17.9 17.3 16.7 16.1 15.2 15.1 15.2 15.4 16.0 11.1 18.2 18.8 19.5 20.0 20.6 VERTICAL MEAN COORDINATES RANGE BALLOON WIND WIND -TW - EFtIIVWT)-Frf ------ tBw ------- A —----- V DFicERENCE SPEED (FT/MIN) DIRECTION SPEED (MPH) 1118.5 215 274 276 -2 5 5 550 113.11 194.1 270.9 11719.0 - 543 — 54 44 -3 6 17535 119 3.79 210.2 286.9 1119.5 818 878 878 28 254 112 671 172 2.55 134.0 13.9 1120.0 1042 1044 1040 106 400 166 328 161 3.78 123.9 69.1 1120.5 1356 1351 1354 374 477 279 627 201 6.33 114.0 71.3 1121.0 1511 151 1509 5-0 620 212 311 180 4.82 106.8 68.8 1121.5 1649 1655 1643 514 765 - 151 277 150 3.44 100.9 66.3 ---— 1220- 182 —------------- -----—'T -96 -- 2065 -3444 —------— 3445 -------- 4.66 94.1 63.3 1122.5 1944 1953 1935 624 1174 209 245 135 4.75 88.0 60.0 1123.0 2140 2141 2138 594 1435 2-63 392 126 5.97 81.5 57.1 1123.5 2266 2261 2265 537 1734 - 304 253 122 6.91 74.8 53.3 -------- --- 4 —-— 1 —--------- — 25 11.69 65.7 48.4 1124.5 2473 2474 2472 366 2606 377 -22 117 8.58 58.9 43.8 -l- 25743 21543 s43 t T T --- 5T — 40 —-------- l — -- 1125.5 2404 2404 2404 -75 3272 304 -278 82 6.90 312.1 323.7 0 1126.0 2525 2524 2525 -331 3934 710 241 112 16.14 318.0 327.1 -1126.5 2634 2629 2638 -625 4620 746 218 110 16.96 322.4 329.6 ------ 11-27.7 —----------- 2546 —----- 5 2T 996 2 w -------— 4 —--------— I —--— I - -10 9.95 325.3 331.7 1127.5 2601 2597 2605 -1173 5515 611 110 102 13.89 327.1 332.6 -- 1 Y28. —U ---------— 175-;-T ----— 562 255- - IT 3q3 —-58T —-- -417 —------------- Z17 --------— 0 ——.1 -.3 —— 1- ----:3j.T - - 1128.5 2489 2508 2471 -1669 6181 416 -143 92 9.45 329.6 334.3 1129.0 2587 2585 2588 -1882 6739 597 195 112 13.58 330.4 334.6 1129.5 2625 2622 2628 -2022 7097 384 16 112 8.73 331.1 335.0 -— 1130.0-56-A 2602 6 —-- 2604 -2048'272W —- 72 --— 3 -- 140 ---------- -46 122 3.18 331.6 335.4 1130.5 2635 2634 2637 -2107 7593 364 - 67 124 8.27 332.5 336.0 ---.6 —-------------- 27 —--- 4 — - 7-1-9 —----- - 10.87 333.3 336.6 1131.5 2791 2787 2795 -2293 8615 621 194 126 14.11 334.5 337.4 1132.0 2629 2632 2626 -2192 8473 226 -324 286 5.13 335.1 338.0 1132.-5 ----— 2555 2558 2553 -2230 8558 93 -147 ---— 109 ---— 2.12 335.6 338.4 --------- 1133.0 2435 240 2430 -21 -640f 119 -240 87 2.10 336.0 338.8 1133.5 2560 2553 2566 -2574 9154 575 248 - 106 13.06 335.7 338.3 --— iYjV-1740 —---— 2-63 ------ NV4 ------ -Y68B7 -— v4y( -----— 199 —------ - --------- 6.79 335.6-338.1 1134.5 2675 2671 2680 -2732 9339 102 43 339 2.31 335.1 337. 7 1135.0 3027 3022 3032 -3110 10105 854 103 107 19.40 334.3 336.7 1135.5 3278 3267 3289 -3233 10189 150 502 77 3.41 333.1 335.6 1136.0 31106 3739 —----— YI -— 379 3721 -3685 1660 ---— 10699 ----— 681- 904 —---- 91 —- 15.49 —-- B 331.4 —— 3 333.9- 33. 1136.5 3659 3657 3660 -3784 10064 643 -142 322 14.60 329.6 332.4 ---- T3T.0 ------ 4-1C ---— 4229 —-- W2rTr —- A70932- OWT —--— 12-40 —----— 17y30 ------— 4 ---- - 9- 8.18 - 377.??-116?j —---- --------- 11317.5 1~Q0 4302 4297 -4897 10742 368 151 2 8.36 326.0 328.8 113S.0 50 4514 4506 -5294 10756 397 421 45 9.03 324.2 327.1 ~-~-~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

DOUBLE THEODOLITE P1SAL COMPUTATIONS RELEASE TIME 1451MIT N APPROXIMATE BALLOON LIFT S3GMS 30 0 0 33 ~200.0 20-5.A-0 2?s 207.0 20 5.4 ~. ~. 4410910510419. 6. 6. 8. 9. 9. 9. 191.4 191.6 191.1 191.9 192.2 192.1 192.2 192.3 192.6 192.6 192.1 192.5 192.9 193.2 4.0 5.0 6.0 6.5 1.4 1.6-.6-.4 —-— T - -. —---—. — -- 10.6-1.2fe-Y --- 12.06 13.6 15.0 15.9 17.0 1B.2 20.0 22.0 24.1 26.5 26.6 3. li4 35.5 37.f 4Q.0 4.1 230.0 222.0 216.5 215.6 212.4 206.8 203.7 199.2 195.5 192.3 191.9 191.9 191.9 190.1 19 190.9 191.7 191. 192.6 192.6 193.0 193.3 193.5 193.6 193.7 193.9 194.2 194.6 194.8 194.6 194.9 195.3 195.9 11.0 9.0 6.9 699 8.9 6.9 8.6 6.4 8.6 8,4 10.2 10.4 10.5 11.1 11.9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 123 3. 1.416.6 17.6 18.6 20.4 22. 5 24.6270 29.9 323 4. 7. 4. 42.6 44.9 41.5 VERTICAL MEAN COORDINATES RANGE BALLOON WINO WIND TINE HEIGHT (MT ZA Zs 6 V DIFFERENCE SPEED (FT/MINI DIRECTION SPEED (NPH) 1451.5 131- 117 144 -566 -477 742 26- 3 16.6 200.4 230.94 —------------ ------— 843 ----- -— 206 348 19.17 205.5 212. 1452.5 373 359 366 -1542 -1936 913 276 345 20.75 201. 6 219.4 --- ---- 15.0 - 10 7I6 -1666 -2615 759 2.34 340 17.25 20?71 216.7 1454.5 675- 693 656 -2279 -5193 1227 305 311 27.69 ------- 901.2 205 1 ---— t~~~ —- ------- -- ------- ff -------------- so —---- Ii 42 wIT~i.476i 630 19267 14.33 197.6 200.9 1455.5 1011 1023 999 -1765 -6366 651 193 291 14.79 195.2 197.7 [ --------— T[ITS 11TW JT70-T~fT6T5 --- -1-7 —--— 327 ----— 311 —-— 19s 9T9 1456.5 1521 1524 1516 -1739 -6255 421 692 317 9.656 193.9 195.6 1457.0 1500 1506 1492 -1676 -7954 306 -43 145 6.99 193.9 195.6 1457.5 1590 1595 1565 -1763 -6371 426 161 325 9.69 194.1 195.6 ----— T11e;-0 —-r~r-TI11TCY5I —- ----— 564 562 —----- 14 193.6 —--- MI-1-95T.4 1456.5 2002 2011 1993 -1723 -9300 396 262 333 6.99 194.2 195.6 I(5V.~ _ _2244 2246 72T@= —T —------ IT - ------- i —— i ------— 12 [143T7UTog. 4 1459.1 2161 2195 1170 -1676 -9059 1029 -122 13 111 195.6 197.6 1460.0 2252 2246 2259 -1691 -6024 1051 140 143 23.69 197.2 199.4 1460.5 2763 2766 2759 -2016 -9031 1059 1021 -331 24.*06 196.*6 200.7 H- 146190 2766 2 1910 -840 6 143 1-. 0. ___ 1461.5 3162 3164 3160 -2101 -9101 716 - 632 - 326 ---- 16.321- 21060. 95 202.7 H ---— 146y.0c ----- YOU --- 79 —--- TOT 2T —----------— 3;.131 1T4i v';rgI 5 204.2 1462.5 3261 3259 3264 -1639 -7661 261 467 140 5.694 p2.1 16-1 1463.0 3540 3535 3545 -1630 -7451 211 557 1 4.YU oso 200 1463.5 3969 3966 3992 -1655 -7613 164 699 321 -. j72 206.6 210.00 1464.0 4106 4101 4110 -1711 -6939 666031)9 116 2f. 1464.5 4286 -4264 4266 -1664 -6576 367 361 141 6:43 210.9 215. ____ 1465.0 -----— 4640 4639 4641 -1683 -6463 ------ ib —------ IV -----— IT —-— ) GT 1. M 1465.5 5014 5012 5017 -1662 -6367 96 746'34 11 1. 1. 1466.0 5058 5054 5061 -1535 -5611 575 6T7# 36 1a 2* 1466.5 5299 5299 5299 -1461 -5569 246 462 145 5.52297 4.7, 1467.0 5696 5695 5696 -1506 -5514 61 —---— W7 —----- 6- Ia a 20 1467.5 5626 5624 5627 -1412 -4959 -563 -140 143 12.60o 223.:7 229.5

DOUBLE THEODOLITE PIBAL COMPUTATIONS ~~~~~.Z... y ------ ----...: —--- -- - -- -- - -- -- - -- -- - -- - RELEASE TIME 1534MST APPROXIMATE BALLOON LIFT 8OGNS 30 0 0 44.... rI8'.-5 —[~-4~-i]-.i?-(~=5 —764-:~ —~6i — 180. 56.1 155.5 154.7 154.1 153.8 154.0 153.7 153.3 152.7 152.0 151.4 150.7 150.0 149.1 148.1 146.8 145.4 143.8 142.7 141.3 139.8 138.9 136.0 134.0 131.7 129.3 127.2 125.9 124.8.... 2I ~1 —. —-f. — T2 -TV1_? 9.5.-S --- 16.0 21.0 23.0 23.3 23.5 23.7 23.9 24.1 23.8 23.9 23.6 23.9 24.3 24.8 25.5 26.2 27.1 27.8 28.5 29.4 30.3 31.5 32.7 33.8 35.0 36.0 36.3 36.8 37.3 37.8 37.9 38.1 38.3 38.4 38.5 38.5 38.7 39.0 39.2 39.8 40.5 41.6 42.9 167.0 164.5 157.4 149.8 149.9 150.5 150.3 150.3 150.2 150.3 150.0 149.7 149.4 149.5 149.7 149.5 150.1 148.5 147.8 147.1 146.4 145.5 144.6 143.4 142.0 140.3 I.... I{=-8-IIT 3-, T;Y6 4I- -.-5- f32. —IYUT?-T2]{-.T5-I- IY&-i2= TT2o? 1 20.7 119. 6 118.4 117.0 116.7 116.2 115.7 115.2 47.0 42.2 40.3 35.9 32.3 30.8 29.8 29.3 28.2 27.6 27.1 26.7 26.8 27.1 27.5 28.2 28.9 29.7 30.3 31.1 32.0 33.0 34.3 35.4 36.6 T-f.7 38.3 38.5 38.9 39.5 39.6 39.5 39.7 39.7 39.6 39.6 39.6 39.7 39.9 40.1 40.7 41.5 42.5 44.0 VERTICAL "} — rW - ----— ~" -"' - - ]-t }]' MA'D T'R ---— ]'"I""'....... —-----..........N —----— l=0~fi't ------- N 0M ----------------------------- TIME HEIGHT IFT) ZA ZB X Y DIFFERENCE SPEED iFTIMIN) DIRECTION SPEED (MPH)......3........&.. - 2T7......5....45 — -— ~ 201 432 300 4.56 170.4 131.6 1535,0 467 462 472 139 -502 320 502 296 7.28 162.9 135.6 1535.5 736 739 733 332 -798 354 538 280 8.04 157.0 134.8 1536.0 976 991 962 668 -1148 485 480 269 11.03 152.5 134.4....... I -...21 —- 1294: I 2171: —1 I 1h —------------------ T3 ----- &T ---------..... —---.-6 -—. o 1537.0 1526 1537 1516 1252 -2213 533 488 286 12.11 149.3 138.4...- -. I3:5....3... Li"33 941 814 -1427....... —- -079.-,. —--... —---- 1538.0 1441 1506 1376 1215 -2130 810 808 283 18.40 150.4 139.2 1.535,5 2325 Z350 Z301 2133 -3723 1839 1769 283 41.79 147.0 139.9 1539.0 2512 2531 2494 2364 -4144 480 374 284 10.91 146.8 140.3 1519. Y3 - 2756 ZS1; 28 25 Z666 -46 - - --------..51: ----...-..-. —-. 4 1540.0 2927 2946 2909 2919 -4994 455 343 279 10.33 145.9 140.5....5~~ I, 3IL-1-9 s198 31 a i1 3135 - ---.... -. 75 - - 5]~3 ----- 1541.0 3483 J495 3471 3443 -5844 525 609 284 11.92 144.9 140.1 1541.5 3612 3630 3593 3483 -5959 122 257 294 2.77 144.7 140.0 1542.0 3826 3843 3809 3606 -6121 203 429 276 4.62 144.0 139.4 -------- -.6 --- 46;43 4667 4215 -732,97 2.... ------------—.2& ~ " --------- 3...-TT'J- 1.....:i-3 —-'T' T.~ R') 1543.0 4277 4298 4256 3899 -6362 1016 -756 115 23.10 142.3 137.8 R) [ ----— 4 —5'-'3 —---- 4553 4505 4108 3Z'.73 —...... " —-' 63 - ---------- --- fF. TN%-: 1544.0 4605 4626 4583 4127 -6379 145 152 141 3.29 140.5 136.0 1544.5 4854 4875 4834 4281 -6443 167 499 245 3.79 139.4 134.9 1545.0 4913 4933 4893 4268 -6209 235 116 130 5.34 138.4 133.7 T-4s-3S -------—.5..[' —T0 43 —-- [28 54 —----- Y6-3..- 1 —--..~32.3 1546.0 5446 5467 5425 4552 -6128 168 521 205 3.81 135.6 130.9 T...'. -S: -S 5665' --- -— S —----------— G — -[VS -------------- 7f............... —?b- 7W...129.2.-& -----— i-T -4: 2 1547.0 5850 5872 5827 4816 -5801 228 409 174 5.18 132.4 127.5 1547.5 6621 6653 6590 5485 -6287 827 1543 259 18680 130.8 126.3 1548.0 6736 6771 6701 5670 -6231 193 231 206 4.40 129.9 125.4 1548.5 6822 6861 6782 5-8'28 -6056 236 171 175 5.36 128.7 124.1 1549.0 6860 6891 6830 5910 -5807 262 77 151 5.95 127.4 122.7 -— 4 *............- -------— TI --- 2. 0 —--.... ----- —............. —-......-....T-:.. 1550.0 7616 7668 7564 6957 -5983 1446 2260 253 32.85 124.6 120.2 1550.5 7524 7572 7477 7049 -5606 388 -183 147 8.82 123.1 118.6 1551.0 7566 7621 7512 7320 -5318 396 84 176 9.00 121.5 116.9 1551.5 7913 7971 7855 7900 -5268 582 694 218 13.23 119.8 115.3 1552.0 8200 8255 8144 8377 -5173 486 573 212 11.04 118.2 113.9 -...... 1157.-5.........1.6194 --------...... —---.... ----: -- -- --...........00 028 23 —---------— 17 --- -[ — 117.3 [13.2 1553.0 8833 8883 8784 9200 -5226 259 338 202 5.88 116.4 112.3 1553.5 9038 9091 8985 9453 -5111 278 410 198 6.32 115.5 111.4 1554.0 9319 9365 9274 9813 -5000 377 563 206 8.57 114.3 110.3 1554.5 10095 10133 10056 10445 -5253 681 1551 245 15.47 113.7 109.9 1555.0 101il 10140 10081 10225 -5031 313 32 88 7.12 113.1 109.3......13 5............ —— 10424 ----— %I2I -—.[-...10~ -0 21]:-493i5 --- [1 —----....... —- 1-27 7 —--------- 0.63 — 1-.4 108.6 1556.0 10597 10618 10576 9910 -4663 394 346 83 8.95 111.7 107.8 *ee ALL INPUT DATA HAVE BEEN PROCESSED. AT LOC 22233 ~ —— ~ —AT —-~f -gjy —--

intervals. Some of these are probably real, especially during ascents in rain, but in others, observational errors are likely present. Unfortunately it is difficult to differentiate between these two cases. Since the time interval between readings is rather short it is suggested that the vectorial wind over a two minute interval should be taken in those cases in which large errors appear to be present. The position of the balloon in the horizontal plane may provide an indication as to whether an error occurred in the observation or not (see X-Y coordinate columns). Observational errors are magnified whenever the position of the balloon is in or near the vertical plane that contains the baseline A 15. Reduction of radar observations was limited by project funds to a cursory inspection of the photographic,- record. Comprehensive reduction of these data will go forward as new funds become available., starting with the data for 27' and 31 July and 1 August;, and going further as funds allow and the potential of the data warrants. Coordination with other cooperating groups is being maintained continuously. It is anticipated that the detailed analysis of the coordinated sets of observations of Project Hi-Cue 1961 in respect to raindrop-size spectra and the quantitative interpretation of weather radar echoes will form the basis for a doctoral dissertation.

REFERENCES 1. Dingle, A. N. and F. C. Elder. 1959 Final Report, Contract No. AF 19(604)-2176, December, 1959, The University of Michigan Research Institute, 2624-12-F, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 2. Diem, M. 1948 Messungen der Grosse von Wolkenelementen II, Met. Rundschau 1, 9/10, 261-273. 5. Purdy, D. R. and R. Franklin. 1954 Modifications to the Houghton cloud camera, Sci. Rep. No. 5, Contract No. AF 19(122)-245, Department of Meteorology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 4. Fledderman, R. G. and A. R. Hanson. 1951 The effects of turbulence and wind speed on the rate of evaporation of a fuel spray, The University of Michigan Engineering Research Institute Report No. CM-667, Contract No. NOrd 7924, Task UMH-3D, U. S. Navy Department, Bureau of Ordnance, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 5. Lee, D. W. and R. C. Spencere 1933 Photomicrographic studies of fuel sprays, NACA TR 454. 6. Scheubel, F. N. 1927 Uber Zerstaubung in Vergasern, Jahrbuch d.Wiss. Ges. f. Luftfahrt, 140, Translation, NACA TM 644, 1932. 7. York, J. L. 1949 Photographic Analysis of Sprays, Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 8. Hardy, A. C. and F. H. Perrin. 1932 The Principles of Optics, McGraw Hill, New York, p. 131. 9. Warner, J. and E. G. Bowen. 1953 A new method of studying the fine structure of air movements in the free atmosphere, TELLUS, 5, 36-41. 10. Battan, Louis J. 1958 Use of chaff for wind measurements, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 39, 258-260. 11. Anderson, A. D. and W. E. Hoehne. 1956 Experiments using "window" to measure high-altitude winds, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 37, 454-457. 12. Jenkins, K. R. and W. L. Webb. 1959 High-altitude wind measurements, J. Meteor., 16, 511-515. 13. Anderson, C. Eo 1961 Paper presented at the 190th National Meeting of the American Meteorological Society, New York, N. Y., 23-26, January 1961. 125

REFERENCES (Concluded) 14. Newton, C. W. and H. R. Newton. 1959 Dynamical interactions between large convective clouds and environment with vertical shear, J. Meteor., 483-496. 15. Angell, J. K. and K. H. Pack. 1962 Analysis of low-level constant volume balloon (tetroon) flights from Wallops Island, J. Atmos. Sci., 19, 87-98. 16. Dickson, C. R. and E. F. Pound. 1961 A radar transponder for determining meteorological trajectories, Proc. Ninth Wea. Radar Conf., Kansas City, 379-384. 126

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